Table 4.
Summary of unstandardized coefficients from multilevel linear regression models of child outcomes
| Cognitive/ Math |
Cognitive/ Reading |
Positive Behavior |
Very Good/ Excellent Health |
Asthma Diagnosis |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable Information | Mean = 0, SD = 1 | 0 = no or 1 = yes | |||
| Model 1: Baseline | |||||
| Teen parent | −0.490*** | −0.513*** | −0.324** | −0.065*** | 0.085*** |
| Teen parent × child age | −0.090*** | −0.095*** | −0.060* | −0.009*** | 0.013*** |
| Model 2: Add Time-Invariant Controls | |||||
| Teen parent | −0.372*** | −0.412*** | −0.249* | −0.046*** | 0.033*** |
| Teen parent × age | −0.089*** | −0.095*** | −0.059* | −0.009*** | 0.013*** |
| Model 3: Add Time-Varying Resources | |||||
| Teen parent | −0.277*** | −0.314*** | −0.197 | −0.036*** | 0.030* |
| Teen parent × age | −0.091*** | −0.097*** | −0.059* | −0.011*** | 0.013*** |
| Model 4: Time-Varying Resource Thresholds (Explanation 1) | |||||
| Teen parent | −0.309*** | −0.347*** | −0.201* | −0.037*** | 0.031** |
| Teen parent × age | −0.092*** | −0.098*** | −0.057* | −0.013*** | 0.013*** |
| Below poverty | −0.051*** | −0.049*** | −0.008 | −0.023* | 0.014*** |
| Less than a high school diploma | −0.081*** | −0.089*** | 0.023 | −0.032*** | −0.003*** |
| No car | 0.016 | 0.016 | −0.010 | −0.005*** | 0.002 |
| No investments | −0.094* | −0.106*** | −0.033*** | −0.003* | −0.001 |
| No bank accounts | 0.018 | 0.006 | −0.010 | −0.003 | 0.001 |
| Not homeowners | −0.034*** | −0.042*** | −0.090*** | −0.011*** | 0.001 |
| Has subsidized housing | 0.013 | 0.011* | 0.055* | −0.003 | 0.020 |
| Model 5: Multiple Domains of Low Resources (Explanation 2) | |||||
| Teen parent | −0.277*** | −0.314*** | −0.197 | −0.036*** | 0.030* |
| Teen parent × age | −0.091*** | −0.097*** | −0.059* | −0.012*** | 0.013*** |
| Count of low resources | −0.009 | −0.008 | 0.006 | −0.016*** | 0.002** |
| Model 6: Timing of Resources (Explanation 3) | |||||
| Teen parent | −0.118*** | −0.159*** | −0.156 | −0.017*** | 0.018 |
| Teen parent × age | −0.035*** | −0.042*** | −0.045 | −0.005* | 0.008** |
| Income × age | 0.022*** | 0.022*** | 0.006* | 0.002* | −0.001*** |
| Asset scale × age | 0.222*** | 0.217*** | 0.055*** | 0.027*** | −0.018*** |
| Mom’s education × age | 0.025*** | 0.026*** | 0.003 | 0.002* | −0.0005* |
| Model 7: Persistently Low Resources (Explanation 4) | |||||
| Teen parent | −0.024 | −0.086*** | −0.151 | −0.009* | 0.009 |
| Teen parent × age | −0.015 | −0.028*** | −0.042 | −0.005*** | 0.007** |
| Count of waves to date | |||||
| Below poverty | −0.069* | −0.054* | −0.008 | −0.011*** | 0.012* |
| Less than a high school diploma | −0.026*** | −0.026*** | 0.044*** | −0.018*** | −0.001 |
| No car | −0.040*** | −0.039*** | −0.015 | −0.0003 | 0.004 |
| No investments | −0.161*** | −0.148*** | −0.040 | −0.007* | 0.007*** |
| No bank accounts | −0.045*** | −0.047*** | −0.009** | −0.009 | −0.005 |
| Not homeowners | −0.054*** | −0.050*** | −0.039*** | −0.004*** | 0.005*** |
| Has subsidized housing | −0.061*** | −0.044*** | −0.009 | 0.008 | 0.018 |
Notes: N people ≈8,450 and N person-time ≈27,450 for cognitive/math and cognitive/reading, 8,350 and 25,500 for behavior, 8,600 and 28,650 for health and asthma. Model 1 controls for child’s age at assessment. Models 2 through 4 add specified variables to the previous model, Model 7 adds specified variables to Model 2, and Models 5 and 6 add specified variables to Model 3. Model 4 shows results for assets × child age, though findings were similar for income × child age and maternal education × child age. “Controls” include control variables specified in the data section. Analyses account for probability weights and clustering.
Source: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort, 2001–2007.
p < .05;
p < .01;
p < .001 (two-tailed tests)