Table A.1.

Means of Covariates and their Coefficients in the Propensity Score

Variable	Treated (N=17,491)	Controls (N=2,094,101)	Matched Controls (N=2,053,059)	Coefficient
Age 18–24 – Males	0.073	0.107***	0.075
Age 25–34 – Males	0.099	0.150***	0.101	−0.001
Age 35–44 – Males	0.135	0.148***	0.134	0.126***
Age 45–54 – Males	0.229	0.151***	0.228	0.318***
Age 55–64 – Males	0.128	0.050***	0.128	0.523***
Age 18–24 – Females	0.055	0.089***	0.055
Age 25–34 – Females	0.067	0.099***	0.068	0.034**
Age 35–44 – Females	0.087	0.102***	0.087	0.115***
Age 45–54 – Females	0.095	0.085***	0.094	0.214***
Age 55–64 - Females	0.031	0.020***	0.031	0.339***
Men	0.665	0.606***	0.667	0.044***
Married	0.673	0.604***	0.672	−0.076***
Never married	0.238	0.334***	0.240	−0.083***
Widow	0.013	0.007***	0.012
Divorced	0.077	0.055***	0.075	0.023
Household members	3.187	3.275***	3.186	−0.017***
Breadwinner	0.608	0.535***	0.608	0.007
Native	0.860	0.858	0.860	−0.001
Non-native Non-Western	0.056	0.062***	0.057	0.027*
Non-native Western	0.084	0.080*	0.084
Groningen	0.029	0.033***	0.029	−0.084***
Friesland	0.042	0.038***	0.042	−0.018
Drenthe	0.031	0.029*	0.032	−0.015
Overijssel	0.074	0.070**	0.075	−0.013
Flevoland	0.022	0.021	0.023
Gelderland	0.131	0.126*	0.132	−0.020
Utrecht	0.063	0.076***	0.063	−0.100***
Noord-Holland	0.144	0.155***	0.144	−0.071***
Zuid-Holland	0.177	0.202***	0.175	−0.097***
Zeeland	0.026	0.023***	0.026	0.003
Noord-Brabant	0.179	0.156***	0.179	0.016
Limburg	0.080	0.071***	0.080	−0.006
City size < 5,000	0.005	0.005	0.005
City size 5–10,000	0.041	0.039	0.041	−0.004
City size 10–20,000	0.169	0.166	0.170	−0.016
City size 20–50,000	0.357	0.342***	0.358	−0.018
City size 50–100,000	0.160	0.156*	0.160	−0.003
City size 100–150,000	0.086	0.101***	0.084	−0.061
City size 150–250,000	0.082	0.083	0.082	−0.043
City size > 250,000	0.100	0.108***	0.100	0.015
Regular employee	0.773	0.801***	0.774	−0.027
Civil Servant	0.082	0.081	0.082	−0.066***
CEO/Executive	0.024	0.017***	0.024
Self-Employed	0.121	0.100***	0.120	−0.037*
Income ratio (pers./hh income)	0.561	0.524***	0.561	−0.097***
Household Income Quartile 1	0.245	0.245	0.245
Household Income Quartile 2	0.257	0.253	0.257	−0.024***
Household Income Quartile 3	0.252	0.252	0.253	−0.044***
Household Income Quartile 4	0.246	0.251	0.244	−0.079***

Notes: Asterisks under (Matched) Controls denote significance (* p-value < 0.1, ** p-value <0.05, *** p-value < 0.01). Column 4 presents the coefficients from a probit model of acute hospitalization used to construct the propensity score. In addition to the variables listed, we included a constant (−2.28***).