Table. Maternal Characteristics and Odds of Developing Gestational Diabetes, Missouri Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (N = 2,741), 2007–2008a .
| Characteristic | Prevalence | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Contraceptive method | ||
| Hormonal | 8.2 | 1.43 (1.32–1.55) |
| Barrier | 5.9 | 0.79 (0.72–0.86) |
| Fertility awareness | 10.0 | 1.38 (1.24–1.53) |
| Other | 12.0 | 0.59 (0.47–0.73) |
| None | 7.7 | 1 [Reference] |
| Age, y | ||
| <20 | 4.9 | 1 [Reference] |
| 20–29 | 7.4 | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) |
| ≥30 | 11.1 | 1.50 (1.34–1.67) |
| Education level | ||
| Less than high school | 7.2 | 1 [Reference] |
| High school or more | 8.4 | 1.38 (1.27–1.50) |
| Race | ||
| White | 7.9 | 1 [Reference] |
| Black | 7.7 | 1.32 (1.22–1.43) |
| Other | 18.0 | 5.54 (4.90–6.25) |
| Medicaid status at delivery | ||
| Medicaid | 9.0 | 2.58 (2.36–2.81) |
| Non-Medicaid | 7.4 | 1 [Reference] |
| Pregnancy intent | ||
| Unintended | 6.3 | 0.39 (0.37–0.42) |
| Intended | 9.6 | 1 [Reference] |
| Prepregnancy weight status (BMI, kg/m2) | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 2.3 | 0.79 (0.64–0.97) |
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 4.8 | 1 [Reference] |
| Overweight/obese (≥25.0) | 11.5 | 3.04 (2.84–3.24) |
| Income, $ | ||
| <15,000 | 7.3 | 0.57 (0.51–0.64) |
| 15,000–24,999 | 9.3 | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) |
| 25,000–49,999 | 9.2 | 0.72 (0.66–0.80) |
| ≥50,000 | 7.8 | 1 [Reference] |
| Folic acid multivitamin use | ||
| Use 4 times weekly | 8.1 | 1 [Reference] |
| No use | 8.1 | 1.26 (1.16–1.37) |
| Prenatal care status | ||
| Adequate/plus | 9.3 | 2.36 (2.16–2.58) |
| Inadequate/intermediate | 4.4 | 1 [Reference] |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 8.5 | 0.83 (0.77–0.89) |
| Not married | 7.7 | 1 [Reference] |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.
a
All variables listed were included in final, multivariate model and found significant at P < .001