Table 7.
Receptor scintigraphy: positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
| Clinical features |
Imaging |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not included in Fig. 2 |
ET and controls, age (SD) or *median (range) | ET | Cri | Results ET vs HC | Data analysis | ||
| Brooks et al. (1992), 18F-DOPA PET dopa transporter | 8 ET 60(10) | 30 HC 63(10) 16 PD 56(12) 12 sPT 59(19) 11 rest 58(11) |
UE, head, jaw, legs, lips, rest | – | – | – | Striatal uptake with occipital reference P < 0.05 |
| Asenbaum et al. (1998), SPECT 123I-beta-CIT dopamine transporter | 32 ET *63(31–83) | 30 HC *45(21–75) 29 PD *61(39–81) |
UE, rest, mouth, head, legs | Fi | – | – | Striatal uptake with cerebellar reference P < 0.05 |
| Lee et al. (1999), SPECT 123I-IPT dopamine transporter | 9 PT 60.0(11.4) 6 PT + RT 68.3(10.3) |
21 HC 61.8(9.7) 11 PD 60.8(6.5) |
UE, jaw, voice, head, tongue, lip, rest | – | – | – | Basal ganglia uptake with occipital reference |
| ↓ | Striatal uptake | P < 0.05 | |||||
| Parkinson study group (2000), 123I-beta-CIT SPECT dopamine transporter | 14 ET 69(10) | 43 PD 68(8) 17 PSP 72(6) 22 HC 67(8) |
UE | Fa | – | – | Striatal uptake with cerebellar reference P < 0.05 |
| Benamer et al. (2000), 123I-FP-CIT SPECT dopamine transporter | 27 ET 64.1(8.8) | 35 HC 61(8.7) 158 Pdism 62.8(9.0) | UE | Fin | − | − | Striatal uptake with cerebellar reference P < 0.05 |
| Antonini et al. (2001), 11C-FE-CIT PET dopamine transporter | 5 ET 60(8) | 31 PD 55(13) 8 HC 52(16) |
UE | – | – | – | Striatal uptake with cerebellar reference |
| Schwartz et al. (2004), 123I-FP-CIT SPECT dopamine transporter | 10 ET 68.5(6.5) | Threshold HC | UE, VMC | D | ↓ | Striatal uptake | Striatal uptake with threshold method |
| Wang et al. (2005), 99mTc-Trodat-1 SPECT dopamine transporter | 12 ET 52.1(14.1) | 27 PD 54.3(10.3) 10 HC 52.5(10.7) |
UE | Fin | – | – | Striatal uptake with occipital reference p< 0.05 |
| Breit et al. (2006), 11C-dMP PET dopamine transporter | 6 ET 60(5) | 10 HC 58(5) 20 PD 63(8) |
UE | Fin | − | − | Dorsal putamen, caudate with occipital reference |
| Isaias et al. (2008) and Isaias et al. (2010), 123I-FP-CIT SPECT dopamine transporter | 32 ET 70(7) | 31 HC 64(10) 47 PD 62(10) |
UE, head | D | ↓ | Striatal uptake | Striatal uptake with occipital reference P < 0.05 |
| Doepp et al. (2008), 123I-FP-CIT SPECT dopamine transporter | 25 ET 64(12) | 46 PD 64(10) 50 HC 60(15) |
UE, rest | L | – | – | Striatal uptake with occipital reference P < 0.05 |
| Boecker et al. (2010), 11C-flumazenil PET (GABA) | 8 ET 65.5(8.0) | 11 HC 56.6(4.3) | UE, head |
Fin | ↑ | Dentate nucleus, ventrolateral thalamus, LPC | Whole brain ROI tremor network template FWE P < 0.05 |
| Roselli et al. (2010), 123I-FP-CIT SPECT dopamine and serotonin transporter | 15 ET 70.6(5.7) | 15 DLB 76.6(2.3) 15 PSP 66.6(8.2) 15 PD 78.6(5.8) 9 HC 74.6(2.8) |
UE | D | – | – | Midbrain and striatal uptake with occipital reference, MRI alignment P < 0.05 |
| Di et al. (2012), 123I-FP-CIT SPECT dopamine transporter | 15 ET 52.5(19.5) | 21 PD 59.9(13.4) 14 DYS 52.7(16.5) 17 HC 55.3(13.7) |
UE | D | – | – | Striatal uptake with occipital reference P < 0.05 |
| Gerasimou et al. (2012), 123I-FP-CIT SPECT dopamine transporter | 28 ET 64(15) | 28 HC 63(11) 33 PD ? |
UE | D | ↓ | Striatal uptake (less severely than in PD) |
Striatal uptake with occipital reference P < 0.05 |
BG, basal ganglia; Cri, criteria; D, Deuschl et al. (1998); DLB, Dementia with Lewy bodies; DYS, dystonia; ET, essential tremor; Fa, Fahn S and Elton RL (1987); Fi, Findley (1996); Fin, Findley et al. (1993); FWE, familial wise error-corrected; HC, healthy controls; L, Louis et al. (1998); LPC, lateral premotor cortex; PD, Parkinson's disease; Pdism, parkinsonism; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; PT, postural tremor; rest, rest tremor; sn, substantia nigra; sPT, sporadic postural tremor; UE, upper extremity; VIM, ventral intermediate thalamus; VMC, impaired visuomotor coordination; vs, versus.