Table 1.
Number of participants (%) using different strategy types to complete memory tasks pre- and posttraining
| Nonadaptive | Adaptive | No Intervention | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | χ2 | p | V | Pre | Post | χ2 | p | V | Pre | Post | χ2 | p | V | ||
| Verbal short-term memory | Rehearsal | 14.29 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 21.43 | 21.43 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 13.33 | 20.00 | 1.78 | .25 | .09 |
| Semantic | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 15.54 | .00 | .27 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | |
| Visualization | 14.29 | 28.57 | 6.66 | .15 | .18 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 15.54 | .00 | .27 | 13.33 | 20.00 | 1.78 | .25 | .09 | |
| Grouping | 21.43 | 28.57 | 1.71 | .25 | .09 | 28.57 | 71.43 | 35.28 | .00 | .42 | 26.67 | 26.67 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | |
| Rhythm | 7.14 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Phonetically | 7.14 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | |
| Imagery | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | |||||||
| Visuospatial short-term memory | Rehearsal | 7.14 | 21.43 | 8.14 | .01 | .20 | 7.14 | 14.29 | 2.07 | .17 | .11 | 13.33 | 6.67 | 2.00 | .24 | −.10 |
| Semantic | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | |
| Visualization | 57.14 | 35.71 | 8.86 | .00 | .21 | 64.29 | 28.57 | 24.62 | .00 | .35 | 60.00 | 53.33 | 1.00 | .39 | .07 | |
| Grouping | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 50.00 | 66.67 | .00 | .58 | 6.67 | 13.33 | 2.00 | .24 | .10 | ||||
| Imagery | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Concentrate | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Verbal recoding | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 14.29 | 21.43 | 1.70 | .26 | .09 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | |
| Verbal working memory | Rehearsal | 14.29 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 35.71 | 42.86 | 1.03 | .39 | .07 | 20.00 | 26.67 | 1.36 | .32 | .05 |
| Semantic | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | |
| Visualization | 28.57 | 35.71 | 1.12 | .37 | .08 | 21.43 | 14.29 | 1.70 | .26 | .09 | 26.67 | 46.67 | 8.85 | .01 | .21 | |
| Grouping | 7.14 | 14.29 | 2.61 | .17 | .11 | 7.14 | 78.57 | 105.75 | .00 | .73 | 13.33 | 13.33 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | |
| Rhythm | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | |
| Phonetically | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.33 | 0.00 | 13.90 | .00 | .26 | ||||
| Imagery | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | |||||||
| Concentrate | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
| Speed | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Visuospatial working memory | Rehearsal | 0.00 | 7.14 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | |||
| Semantic | 14.29 | 7.14 | 2.61 | .17 | .11 | 21.43 | 14.29 | 1.70 | .26 | .09 | 20.00 | 13.33 | 1.78 | .25 | .09 | |
| Visualization | 28.57 | 21.43 | 1.71 | .25 | .09 | 14.29 | 14.29 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 26.67 | 20.00 | 1.36 | .32 | .08 | |
| Chunking | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 13.33 | 13.90 | .00 | .26 | |||||||
| Imagery | 7.14 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 1.00 | .00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Concentrate | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | ||||
| Verbal recoding | 0.00 | 0.00 | 7.14 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||||||
| Inhibiting | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6.67 | 0.00 | 7.25 | .01 | .19 | |||||||
Note. V = Cramer’s V effect sizes: .1 = small, .3 = medium, .5 = large. Statistics not performed when strategy not reported at pre- or posttest