Table 1.
Sleep, Caregiving, and Sociodemographic Characteristics of Total Sample and by PA Category
| Variable | Total sample (n = 229) | High PA (n = 122) | Low PA (n = 69) | Depressive symptoms (n = 38) | p Value across PA categories |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total PSQI score: M (SD) | 5.19 (3.26) | 4.48 (2.96) | 5.59 (3.06) | 6.79 (3.86) | <.01 |
| Caregivers: n (%) | 92 (40.17) | 43 (35.25) | 31 (44.93) | 18 (47.37) | .12 |
| Age: M (SD) | 73.82 (7.89) | 74.00 (7.49) | 74.82 (8.07) | 71.54 (8.55) | .11 |
| Female gender: n (%) | 157 (68.56) | 77 (63.11) | 49 (71.01) | 31 (81.58) | .03 |
| College education or more: n (%) | 173 (75.55) | 97 (79.51) | 54 (78.26) | 22 (57.89) | .02 |
| White race: n (%) | 191 (83.41) | 105 (86.07) | 56 (81.16) | 30 (78.95) | .24 |
| Married: n (%) | 124 (54.15) | 64 (52.46) | 39 (56.52) | 21 (55.26) | .66 |
| Number of medical conditions: M (SD) | 2.71 (1.60) | 2.42 (1.41) | 2.91 (1.62) | 3.26 (1.93) | .01 |
| Participate in moderate physical activity: n (%) | 104 (45.41) | 56 (45.90) | 40 (57.97) | 8 (21.05) | .08 |
| Uses sleeping medication: n (%) | 57 (24.90) | 26 (21.32) | 17 (24.64) | 14 (36.84) | .02 |
| Takes antidepressant or antianxiety medications: n (%) | 50 (21.83) | 16 (13.11) | 16 (23.19) | 18 (47.37) | <.01 |
| Among caregivers only | All caregivers (n = 92) | High PA (n = 43) | Low PA (n = 31) | Depressive symptoms (n = 18) | p Value across PA categories |
| Alzheimer’s caregivers: n (%) | 44 (47.83) | 18 (41.86) | 17 (54.84) | 9 (50.00) | .54 |
| Parkinson’s caregivers: n (%) | 48 (52.17) | 25 (58.14) | 14 (45.16) | 9 (50.00) | .54 |
| Live with care recipient: n (%)a | 77 (84.62) | 35 (81.40) | 27 (90.00) | 15 (83.33) | .60 |
| Spouse of care recipient: n (%)a | 72 (79.12) | 30 (69.77) | 27 (90.00) | 15 (83.34) | .02 |
| Number of ADLs assisting with: M (SD) | 2.80 (2.23) | 2.28 (2.06) | 3.03 (2.31) | 3.67 (2.25) | .07 |
| Number of IADLs assisting with: M (SD) | 5.43 (1.60) | 5.0 (1.79) | 5.80 (1.45) | 5.83 (1.10) | .05 |
Notes: ADLs = activities of daily living; IADLs = instrumental activities of daily living; PA = positive affect; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
a n = 91.