Table 1.
Chosen RCC prognostic and predictive biomarkers, which have been discovered as a result of high-throughput genomic research conducted up to date.
| Candidate RCC biomarkers – type | Candidate RCC biomarkers – name | High-throughput method used | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Predictive | VEGFR-3 polymorphism rs307826 | SNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphisms), genotyping | Garcia-Donas et al. (70) |
| IL-8 phenotype 276TT | SNPs, genotyping | Xu et al. (71) | |
| HIF-1αa phenotype 1790AG | RNA microarray | Choueiri et al. (72) | |
| VHL mutation/methylationa | DNA sequencing | Garcia-Donas et al. (70) | |
| OPN | Multiplex bead array | Zurita et al. (73) | |
| VEGFa | Multiplex bead array | Zurita et al. (73) | |
| TRAIL | Multiplex bead array | Zurita et al. (73) | |
| VEGFR-2 | Multiplex bead array | Zurita et al. (73) | |
| MET | Comparative genomic microarray analysis (CGMA) | Albiges et al. (74) | |
| CXCR7 | Gene-expression analysis of TECs | Maishi et al. (75) | |
| PD-0332991 | Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and gene expression | Logan et al. (76) | |
| Prognostic | miR21/10b ratio | Deep sequencing data from TCGA datasets | Fritz et al. (77) |
| (HIC1) CpG island methylation | Pyrosequencing | Eggers et al. (78) |
VEGFR-3, vascular endothelial growth factor-3; IL-8, interleukin-8; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α subunit; VHL, von Hippel-Lindau; OPN = SPP1 secreted phosphoprotein 1; TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand; MET, mammalian target of rapamycin; CXCR7, chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7; PD-0332991, palbociclib, inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6; miR, micro RNA; HIC1, hypermethylated in cancer 1.
aBiomarkers are attributed either to the “predictive” or “prognostic” candidates on the basis of the information obtained from the current literature (if a biomarker is more often cited in PubMed as “predictive” – it is attributed to the “predictive” group).