Table 1.
Summary of studies on auditory space adaptation with normal-hearing human listeners.
| Source | Type of cue change | Auditory stimuli | Type of training | Duration of training | Adaptation effects | After effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Held, 1955 | Long-term hearing aid | Bandpassed noise | Sound exposure | 8 h | Partial | – |
| Bauer et al., 1966 | Long-term monaural block | Broadband noise | Sound exposure | 65–67 h | Yes | Back to pre-plug levels |
| Exposure, training with positional feedback (V) | 5–8 h | Yes | Back to pre-plug levels | |||
| Florentine, 1976 | Long-term monaural block | Pure tones | Sound exposure | 27–101 days | Yes | Adaptation 7–15 days after removal |
| Musicant and Butler, 1980 | Inttermittent monaural block | Bandpassed noise | Exposure without feedback | 1 h + 1 trial/day over 60 days | Yes | – |
| 1 trial/day over 60 days | No | – | ||||
| Butler, 1987 | Inttermittent monaural block | Bandpassed noise | Training with response feedback (R/W) | 1 h*5 (2 weeks) | Yes | Adaptation 2–2.5 months after training |
| Slattery and Middlebrooks, 1994 | Long-term monaural block | Broadband noise | Sound exposure | 24 h | No | – |
| Javer and Schwarz, 1995 | Long-term hearing device | Bandpassed and broadband noise | Sound exposure | 3–5 days | Yes | – |
| McPartland et al., 1997 | Long-term monaural block | Pure tones | Sound exposure | 1 week | Partial | – |
| Hofman et al., 1998 | Long-term binaural ear mold | Broadband noise | Sound exposure | 23–39 days | Yes | Back to pre-plug levels |
| Shinn-Cunningham et al., 1998a,b | Inttermittent altered HRTFs | Click trains | Training with positional feedback (V) (AVM); sound exposure | 2 h*8 (2–6 weeks) | Yes | – |
| van Wanrooij and van Opstal, 2005 | Long-term monaural mold | Bandpassed and broadband noise | Sound exposure 9–49 days | Partial (elevation) | Back to pre-plug levels soon after | |
| Zahorik et al., 2006 | Inttermittent altered HRTFs | Bandpassed noise | Training with positional feedback (AV) | 1 h*2 | Yes | Effects lated over 4 months |
| Kumpik et al., 2010 | Intermittent monaural ear block | Broadband noise | Training with positional (V) and response feedback(R/W) | 1 day | No | Back to pre-plug levels |
| ~1 h *7–8 days | Yes | |||||
| Strelnikov et al., 2011 | Intermittent monaural ear block | Broadband noise | Sound exposure | 1 h*5 days | No | – |
| Training with positional feedback (AV) | Yes | |||||
| Training response feedback (R/W) | Yes | |||||
| Irving and Moore, 2011 | Long-term monaural block | Broadband noise | Sound exposure; Training with response feedback (R/W) | 5 days exposure; 5 h training | Yes | Immediately back to pre-plug levels |
| Mendonça et al., 2012 | Inttermittent altered HRTFs | Broadband noise | Sound exposure (static) | 10 blocks (1 h) | No | – |
| Explicit training; Training with positional feedback (V) | 10–20 min | Yes | – | |||
| Parseihian and Katz, 2012 | Intermittent altered HRTFs | Broadband noise | Implicit training (AM) | 3*12 min | Yes | – |
| Majdak et al., 2013 | Intermittent altered HRTFs | Broadband noise | Training with positional feedback (V) | 2 h*21 days | Yes | Same results 1 day later |
| Carlile et al., 2013 | Long-term binaural ear mold | Broadband noise | Sound exposure | 10 days | No | |
| Sound exposure; Training with positional feedback (V) | 10 days, 10 h training | Yes | – | |||
| Sound exposure; Training with positional (AVM) and response feedback (level) | 10 days, 10 h training | Yes | ||||
| Mendonça et al., 2013 | Inttermittent altered HRTFs | Broadband noise and speech | Explicit training, training with positional feedback (V) | 10–20 min | Yes | Effects lasted over 1 month |
| Carlile and Blackman, 2014 | Binaural ear mold | Broadband noise | Sound exposure | 28–62 days (average 40.5 days) | Yes | Back to pre-mold levels upon removal; adaptation still one |
Acronyms stand for sensory modality of feedback: V, Visual; AV, Audiovisual; AM, Audiomotor; AVM, Audiovisual motor; R/W, Right/Wrong; Level, Level of response error.