Table 1.
Interactive effect between DNA synthesis and repair-related genetic polymorphisms and diet on gastric cancer risk
| Ref. | No. case/control | Gene | Diet/nutrient |
Outcome |
||
| (control) | (polymorphism) | Gene | Diet/nutrient | Interaction | ||
| Takezaki et al[24], 2002, China | 101/198 (Population) | hOGG1 (Ser326Cys) | Meat, soybean, vegetable, garlic, tea, alcohol | No assoc | Pickled vegetable (freq. vs non-freq): OR = 2.53 (1.52-4.21) | The positive assoc between pickled vegetable (P interaction = 0.093) or meat (P interaction = 0.083) and GC risk was stronger in Cys/Cys carriers than in Ser carriers; a frequent alcohol consumption (≥ 2 times/wk) increased GC risk in Cys/Cys carriers (P interaction = 0.086) |
| Stolzenberg-Solomon et al[18], 2003, China | 90/398 (Population) | MTHFR (C677T, A1298C) | Alcohol | No assoc | Unknown | Alcohol drinkers increased GC risk among those with MTHFT 677TT carriers (P interaction = 0.03) |
| MTRR (A66G) | ||||||
| Tsukino et al[23], 2004, Japan | 142/271 (Hospital) | hOGG1 (Ser326Cys) | Salt, fruit, vegetable, Vt C, β-carotene | No assoc | Unknown | The positive assoc between salt and GC risk was observed only in Cys allele carriers (P interaction = 0.01); the protective effect of cruciferous vegetable on GC risk was stronger among Ser/Ser genotype carriers (P interaction = 0.053) |
| Huang et al[25], 2005, Poland | 281/390 (Population) | XRCC (Arg399Gln) XPD (Lys751Gln) MGMT (Ile143Val, Leu84Phe) XRCC3 (Thr241Met) | Fruit/vegetable | No assoc | Fruit (low vs high): OR = 2.2 (1.3-3.6) | The positive assoc between low fruit or vegetable intake was modified by selected polymorphisms in XRCC1, XPD, MGMT (P interaction = 0.1-0.2) |
| Nan et al[26], 2005, South Korea | 110/220 (Hospital) | hMLH1 promoter | Cereal, potato, fruit, vegetable, mushroom, butter/cheese/margarine, protein, Vt C, P, K, Zn, Ca, alcohol | Unknown | Unknown | High vegetables increased GC risk and high potato intake decreased GC risk among cases with hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation; high intake of protein, P, K, Zn, Vt C, and Ca was associated with higher GC risk without hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter; high alcohol consumption was associated with a higher GC risk among those with hypermethylation of the hMLH1 gene promoter |
| Graziano et al[19], 2006, Italy | 162/164 (Population) | MTHFR (C677T) | Alcohol | 677TT vs CC: OR = 2.95 (1.57-5.55) | Unknown | Alcohol drinking modified the association between MTHFR C677T and GC risk (P interaction = 0.09) |
| Lacasaña-Navarro et al[21], 2006, Mexico | 201/427 (Hospital) | MTHFR (C677T) | Folate, alcohol | 677TT vs CC: OR = 1.62 (1.00-2.59) | No assoc | No interaction |
| Boccia et al[16], 2007, Italy | 102/254 (Hospital) | MTHFR (C677T, A1298C) | Fruit, vegetable, alcohol | 677TT vs CC for diffuse GC: OR = 2.92 (1.19-5.58) | Alcohol (high vs low): OR = 3.74 (1.13-12.45) | Low fruit/vegetable consumers increased GC risk among individuals with 677TT genotype |
| Mu et al[17], 2007, China | 206/415 (Population) | MTHFR (C677T, A1298C) | Fruit, vegetable | 677TT vs CC: OR = 2.80 (1.41-5.56) | No assoc | MTHFR 677TT genotype showed a stronger positive association among low fruit/vegetable intake subjects compared with high intake groups |
| Zhang et al[11], 2007, Poland | 305/427 (Population) | MTHFR (2 SNPs) MTR (1 SNP) MTRR (7 SNPs) | Folate | No assoc | No assoc | No interaction |
| Galván Portillo et al[14], 2009, Mexico | 248/478 (Population) | MTHFR (C677T) | Folate, choline, Vt B6, Vt B12, methionine | 677TT vs C allele: OR = 0.23 (0.06-0.84) | Folate (P = 0.001) | Among individuals with MTHFR 677TT genotype, low folate intake increased, but high folate intake decreased diffuse GC risk (P interaction = 0.055) |
| Duan et al[29], 2012, China | 400/400 for rs751402; 403/403 for rs2296147(Population) | ERCC5 (rs751402, rs2296147) | Alcohol | rs751402(AA vs GG):OR = 1.99 (1.20-3.31); rs2296147(CC vs TT): OR = 2.17 (1.04-4.54) | Unknown | Alcohol drinking substantially increased GC risk for subjects carrying rs2296147 CC homozygous variants, but their interaction was not statistically significant |
| Gao et al[15], 2013, China | 264/535 (Population) | MTHFR (C677T) | Folate | 677TT vs CC: OR = 2.08 (1.28-3.66) | Folate (high vs low): OR = 0.54 (0.34-0.83) | MTHFR 677TT carriers increased GC risk among subjects with low folate intake (P interaction = 0.005） |
ERCC5: Excision repair cross-complementing group 5; hOGG1: Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1; hMLH1: Human mutL homolog 1; MTHFR: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; MGMT: O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; MTR: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase; MTRR: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase; XPD: Xeroderma pigmentosum D; XRCC: X-ray repair complementing defective repair in Chinese hamster cells; Freq: Frequent; GC: Gastric cancer; No assoc: No association; OR: Odds ratio; Vt: Vitamin; P: Phosphorous; K: Potassium; Zn: Zinc; Ca: Calcium.