Table 2.
Interactive effect between carcinogen metabolism-related genetic polymorphisms and diet on gastric cancer risk
| Ref. | No. case/control | Gene | Diet/Nutrient |
Outcome |
||
| (control) | (polymorphism) | Gene | Diet/nutrient | Interaction | ||
| Nishimoto et al[58], 2000, Brazil | 332/528 (Hospital) | CYP2E1 (RsaI C/A) | Meat | No assoc | The frequency of meat consumption was higher in case only among Japanese, not Brazilians | No interaction |
| Setiawan et al[33], 2000, China | 143/433 (Population) | GSTT1 (null) GSTM1 (null) | Salt, fruit, alcohol | GSTT1 null vs normal: OR = 2.5 (1.01-6.22) | Fruit (P < 0.001) Alcohol (P = 0.051) | High salt intake increased GC risk only among GSTT1 null carriers. |
| Gao et al[42], 2002, China | 98/196 (Population) | CYP2E1 (RsaI) | Meat, soybean, vegetable (pickled or raw), tomato, garlic, tea, alcohol | No assoc | Unknown | No interaction |
| Gao et al[46], 2002, China | 153/223 (Population) | GSTM1 (null) GSTT1 (null) | Tea, alcohol | No assoc | Tea drinking was a protective effect on GC risk: OR = 0.38 (0.24-0.62) | Tea consumption decreased GC risk among those with GSTT1 null genotype; frequent alcohol intake increased GC risk in those with GSTM1 positive genotype. |
| Boccia et al[39], 2005, Italy | 76/260 (Hospital) | SULT1A1 (His/His) | Fruit, vegetable, grilled/barbecued meat, alcohol | His/His vs Arg/Arg: OR = 3.32 (1.17-9.45) | Frequency of GC was higher among those with high fruit intake (P = 0.043) | Among individuals carrying SULT1A1 His/His genotype, high fruit or grilled/barbequed meat intake increased GC risk; alcohol intake increased GC risk among those with His/His genotype. |
| Nan et al[35], 2005, South Korea | 421/632 (Hospital) | CYP1A1 (Ile/Val) CYP2E1 (c1/c2) GSTM1 (null) GSTT1 (null) ALDH2 (*1/*2) | Kimchi, soybean paste, vegetable, allium, seafood, soybean food | CYP1A1 Val carriers vs Ile/Ile: OR = 1.34 (1.04-1.73) | Kimchi (high vs low): OR = 1.57 (1.22-2.01); Soybean pastes (high vs low): OR = 1.62 (1.26-2.09); Non-fermented alliums (high vs low): OR = 0.70 (0.54-0.89); Non-fermented seafood (high vs low): OR = 0.66 (0.51-0.85) | High intake of kimchi or soybean pastes was associated with increased GC risk among carriers with CYP1A1 Ile/Ile, CYP2E1 c1/c1, GSTT1 positive, or ALDH2 *1/*1 genotype; non-fermented alliums were associated with a decreased GC risk among carriers of CYP1A1 Ile/Ile, CYP2E1 c1/c2 or c2/c2, GSTM1 null, GSTT1 positive, or ALDH2 *1/*2 or *2/*2 genotype; non-fermented seafood was associated with a reduced GC risk among carriers with CYP1A1 Ile/Ile, CYP2E1 c1/c1, ALDH2 *1/*1 genotype. |
| Boccia et al[59], 2007, Italy | 107/254 (Hospital) | CYP1A1 (*2A) CYP2E1 (*5A or *6) mEH (rapid, slow, very slow) GSTM1 (null) GSTT1 (null) NAT2 (slow) SULT1A1 (Arg/His, His/His) | Alcohol, fruit/vegetable, grilled meat, meals salt addition | GSTT1 null and NAT2 slow acetylators: OR = 3.00 (1.52-5.93) | Alcohol ( < 7 g/d vs ≥ 7 g/d): OR = 2.10 (1.22-3.60) | Alcohol drinkers carrying the variant allele of CYP2E1 (*5A or *6 alleles) had an increased GC risk compared to those drinking without the variant allele (P for heterogeneity = 0.001) |
| Kobayashi et al[40], 2009, Japan | 149/296 (Hospital) | NAT2 (4 SNPs) CYP1A1 (Ile462Val) CYP1A2 (5’UTR) | Grilled/barbecued meat, HCA | No assoc | No assoc | No interaction |
| Malik et al[60], 2009, India | 108/195 (Population) | GSTM1 (null) GSTT1 (null) GSTP1 (1313Ile/Val) GSTM3 (intron 6 3-bp del) CYP1A1 (6235T/C) CYP2E1 (Rsal-1091C/T) | High salted tea | GSTM1 null vs normal: OR = 1.98 (1.22-3.21); CYP2E1 Rsal c2 vs c1: OR = 2.18 (1.12-4.24); GSTM3 intron 6 3-bp del B vs A: OR = 0.50 (0.27-0.92) | Salted tea (high vs low): OR = 14.78 (8.22-27.23) | No interaction |
| Piao et al[43], 2009, South Korea | 2213/1699 (Population) | GSTM1 (null) GSTT1 (null) | Alcohol | No assoc | No assoc | No interaction |
| Zhang et al[36], 2009, South Korea | 471/471 (Hospital) | NAT2 acetylator | Meat, Vt B6, Fe, nut, stew, Kimchi, soybean paste, soybean food, allium, seaweeds, alcohol | No assoc | High intake of stews, kimchi, soybean paste, sodium, well-done meat, and alcohol increased GC risk; high intake of nuts, non-fermented soybean foods, non-fermented alliums decreased GC risk. | High intake of kimchi, stews, soybean paste, and alcohol were increased GC risk in slow/intermediate acetylators. |
| Shin et al[44], 2011, South Korea | 445/370 (Hospital) | ALDH2 (*1/*2) | Alcohol | No assoc | Ex-drinker vs never-drinker: OR = 1.68 (1.07-2.64) | There was an interaction between drinking status and ALDH2 genotype (ALDH*1/*1 vs ALDH2 *1/*2, P interaction = 0.048). |
| Duell et al[41], 2012, Europe | 364/1272 (EPIC study; nested case-control) | ADH1A (2 SNPs) ADH1B (5 SNPs) ADH1C (9 SNPs) ADH7 (10 SNPs) ALDH2 (2 SNPs) | Alcohol | Allelic OR ADH1A rs1230025: OR = 1.30 (1.07-1.59); ADH1C rs283411: OR = 0.59 (0.38-0.91); ALDH2 rs16941667: OR = 1.34 (1.00-1.79) | Alcohol (high vs low): OR = 2.37 (1.37-4.10) | Alcohol intake modified the association between ALDH1A rs1230025 and GC risk. |
| Zhang et al[61], 2012, China | 618/1147 (Population) | GSTP1 (Ile105Val) | Alcohol | Ile/Ile vs Val/Val: OR = 3.32 (1.79-6.17) | Alcohol (drinker vs nondrinker): P < 0.002 | Alcohol drinking increased GC risk among Val/Val carriers compared with Ile/Ile carriers |
| Matsuo et al[45], 2013, Japan | 697/1372 (Hospital) | ALDH2 (Glu504Lys) | Alcohol, fruit/vegetable | Alcohol (heavy vs non-drinker): OR = 1.72 (1.17-2.52) | A significant interaction between alcohol drinking and ALDH2 Lys allele (P = 0.0054) | |
| Eom et al[37], 2013, South Korea | 477/477 (Hospital) | CYP1A2 (3 SNPs) CYP2E1 (3 SNPs) EPHX1 (3 SNPs) GSTM1 (null) GSTT1 (null) | Aflatoxin B1 | CYP1A2 (CT vs CC): OR = 0.72 (0.52-0.98) | Aflatoxin B1 (low vs high): OR = 1.94 (1.43-2.63) | No interaction |
CYP2E1: Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1; CYP1A1: Cytochrome P450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1; EPHX1: Microsomal epoxide hydrolase 1; GSTP1: Glutathione S-transferase P1; GSTT1: Glutathione S-transferase T1; GSTM1: Glutathione S-transferase M1; SULT1A1: sulfotransferase family, cytosolic, 1A, phenol-preferring, member 1; ADH: Alcohol dehydrogenase; ALDH2: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family; NAT2: N-acetyltransferase 2; Fe: Iron; Vt: Vitamin; GC: Gastric cancer; No assoc: No association; HCA: Heterocyclic amine.