Table 2. Results of Mantel tests of association between frontal view face pattern matrices and geographic matrices.

face pattern matrix	geographic matrix	Mantel r	P no phylogenetic correction	P Arnold et al. tree	P Guschanski et al. tree
mean face based distance	degree of sympatry	0.1433	0.0191*	0.0196*	0.022*
	range overlap	0.1785	0.0055**	0.0061**	0.0052**
exemplar based distance	degree of sympatry	0.1377	0.0262*	0.0301*	0.0284*
	range overlap	0.1726	0.0066**	0.0041**	0.0032**
recognition rate	degree of sympatry	0.1067	0.0142*	0.0177*	0.0186*
	range overlap	0.1528	0.0027**	0.0084**	0.0041**

The mean face based distance matrix is formed from the multivariate Euclidian distances between each pair of the 22 study species in the eigenface-space calculated from the set of species average faces. The exemplar based distance matrix is the mean pairwise distances between species from an eigenface analysis that included 5 random examples from each species. The recognition rate matrix is taken from the species recognition classification task. All P values are the results of either Mantel tests without phylogenetic correction, or phylogenetically permuted Mantel tests using two recently published molecular phylogenies of the guenons by Arnold et al.³⁸ and Guschanksi et al.³⁹. All Mantel tests were run for 10,000 permutations. Asterisks denote significance;

^*P < 0.05,

^**P < 0.01.