Table.

Current knowledge, gaps in knowledge, and future research needed into HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases

	Gaps in knowledge	Future research	Research challenges
HIV infection increases asthma risk in children	Impact of HIV viral control on asthma risk	Longitudinal studies of clinical and physiological outcomes in HIV-infected individuals with asthma and COPD	Selection of representative HIV risk groups and appropriate comparator participants
COPD is more prevalent in HIV-infected individuals	Appropriate screening guidelines for COPD in HIV-infected individuals Optimum approaches to distinguish obstructive lung disease exacerbations from respiratory infections	Clinic-based studies of approaches to screen for COPD	Adjustment for confounding behaviours, HIV therapies, and infections
Lung cancer risk is increased with HIV infection	Anticipated findings in screening CT scans of HIV-infected smokers	Retrospective analyses of CT databases of HIV-infected smokers	Disentangling the effect of HIV therapy from reduction of confounding behaviours
Spirometric and diffusion impairments are common in HIV- infected individuals	Effect of early treatment of HIV on lung function decline	Assessment of lung function outcomes in clinical trials of HIV therapies	Harmonisation of pulmonary-specific outcomes across cohort studies of HIV-infected individuals
Inhaled corticosteroids can interact with ritonavir-containing HIV therapies	Risk of respiratory infections in HIV-infected individuals being treated with inhaled corticosteroids	Randomised controlled trials of inhaled corticosteroids versus other therapies for COPD	Identification of eligible HIV-infected individuals with COPD for clinical trials

COPD=chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.