Table 1. Demographic characteristics of the study population and clinical course of the patients with dengue.

Characteristic	Controls	Patients
		DF	DF/WS	Severe DF
	(n = 10)	(n = 34)	(n = 17)	(n = 15)
Gender, F:M	8∶2	17∶17	10∶7	7∶8
Age (years), mean ± SD	38.4±16.5	39.8±17.5	40.4±17.1	40.4±19.6
Post-infection daya, mean ± SD	-	3.8±2.2	3.9±2.8	4.5±2.2
Primary infectionb, %	-	20.6	0	0
Secondary infectionb, %	-	79.4	100	100
Clinical sign and symptoms
Bleeding, %c	-	29	53	73.3
Fluid leakage, %d	-	0	0	53.3
Hypotension, %e	-	0	0	20
Laboratory test results
Platelets ×103/mm3, mean ± SD	295.2±38.7	138.9±76.8*	73.9±52.5* , †	47.1±61.3* , † , ‡
Haematocrit, %, mean ± SD	37.8±1.3	40.2±3.4	38.9±5.1	36.6±3.2* , †
Total leukocytes/mm3, mean ± SD	6100±731.4	4047.8±2573.9*	3402.7±1426.6*	4598.5±2986*
Monocytes/mm3, mean ± SD	432.7±99.8	454.9±375.5	252.4±156.0	241.4±185.6
AST, IU/L, mean ± SD	nd	77.6±81.4	98.5±93.9	179±239†
ALT, IU/L, mean ± SD	nd	71.8±76.6	83.3±75	190±286†

DF, dengue fever; DF/WS, DF with warning signs; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; nd, not determined.

^aDays from symptom onset until the interview;

^bprimary infection was defined as IgM antibody level >1.0 and IgG/IgM antibody ratio <0.5. Secondary infection was defined as IgG antibody level >1.0 and IgG/IgM antibody ratio >1.0 or IgM antibody level <1.0 and IgG antibody level >1.0.

^cincludes skin haemorrhages, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, urinary tract haemorrhage or metrorrhagia;

^dsigns of vascular leakage (pleural or pericardial effusion, ascites);

^epulse pressure <20 mmHg or hypotensive for age.

*p≤0.05 vs. Controls;

^†p≤0.05 vs. DF;

^‡p≤0.05 vs. DF/WS. Statistical differences were assessed by Mann-Whitney U test.