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. 2010 Dec;14(4):218–232. doi: 10.1177/1084713810393751

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

A schematic of speech processing

Note: Bottom-up processing is illustrated by the white arrows. Acoustic signal proceeds serially through each of the levels of processing in a forward hierarchical manner. Top-down processing is illustrated by the blue colour scheme where each level of speech processing has its own function (distinct colour) but remains directly linked and modulated (bidirectionally) by executive/cognitive processes (all shades of blue).