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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013 Sep 17;1832(12):2271–2276. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.09.004

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Mechanism of pressure overload (ascending aortic banding) mediated compensatory cardiac hypertrophy to de-compensatory heart failure. During early stages of aortic banding, angiogenesis is increased due to up-regulation of MMP-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibition of MMP-9. However, sustained overload results in de-compensatory heart failure due to anti-angiogenesis, where expression of MMP-9 supersedes that of MMP-2 and promotes release of anti-angiogenic factors such as angiostatin, endostatin and parstatin. MMP-9 also stimulate endothelial mesenchymal transition (EndMT) leading to fibrosis and end stage heart failure.