Table 3.
Multivariable Models of Health Literacy, Cognitive Abilities, and Health Status
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
Model 5 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HL Only |
FA Only |
CA Only |
FA + CA |
HL + FA + CA |
||||||
| Variable | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p | β (95% CI) | p |
| Physical Health | ||||||||||
| Inadequate Health literacy | −5.9 (−9.3, −2.5) | 0.001 | — | — | — | −3.4 (−8.0, 1.1) | 0.14 | |||
| Fluid abilities | — | 2.5 (1.2, 3.8) | <0.001 | — | 2.1 (0.3, 3.9) | 0.02 | 1.8 (−0.1, 3.7) | 0.07 | ||
| Crystallized abilities | — | — | 2.0 (0.7, 3.4) | 0.003 | 0.6 (−1.2, 2.4) | 0.51 | −0.02 (−2.0, 2.0) | 0.98 | ||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.35 | |||||
| Depression | ||||||||||
| Inadequate Health literacy | 2.8 (1.5, 4.2) | <0.001 | — | — | — | 1.5 (−0.2, 3.2) | 0.09 | |||
| Fluid abilities | — | −1.4 (−1.9, −0.9) | <0.001 | — | −1.4 (−2.1, −0.7) | <0.001 | −1.3 (−2.1, −0.6) | <0.001 | ||
| Crystallized Abilities | — | — | −0.9 (−1.4, −0.4) | 0.001 | 0.1 (−0.6, 0.8) | 0.85 | 0.3 (−0.4, 1.1) | 0.38 | ||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |||||
| Anxiety | ||||||||||
| Inadequate Health literacy | 1.1 (−0.2, 2.4) | 0.09 | — | — | — | 0.2 (−1.5, 2.0) | 0.79 | |||
| Fluid abilities | — | −0.8 (−1.3, −0.3) | 0.002 | — | −1.0 (−1.7, −0.4) | 0.003 | −1.1 (−1.8, −0.3) | 0.004 | ||
| Crystallized abilities | — | — | −0.3 (−0.9, 0.2) | 0.19 | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.1) | 0.30 | 0.4 (−0.3, 1.2) | 0.29 | ||
| Adjusted R2 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | |||||
Fluid abilities are cognitive traits associated with active information processing; crystallized abilities are prior knowledge. All models include the covariates of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and number of comorbid conditions. CA, crystallized ability; FA, fluid abilities; HL, health literacy.