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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2014 May 2;53:46–50. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.019

Fig. 1. Fate of CD8+ T cells primed by IFA-based vaccine.

Fig. 1

(1) Naive CD8+ T cells travel to antigen-rich and highly inflamed vaccination site and become primed. (2) Effector CD8+ T cells respond to persistent antigen presentation by continued expansion and secretion of inflamma tory cytokines (IFN-γ). (3) Activated CD8+ T cells up regulate Fas and other inhibitory surface markers including PD-1, LAG-3, Tim-3 and CTLA-4 in response to antigen, IFN-γ and other inflammatory cytokines; these conditions also promote accumulation of host cells expressing PD-L1 and FasL. PD-1/PD-L1 engagement leads to T cell exhaustion; Fas/FasL engagement results in T cell apoptosis. (4) As a result, very few primed T cells reach the tumor.