Table 2.
Anthropometric, physiological and nutritional variables of study participants at baseline and after 16-week intervention.
| Variable | Treatment | Control | Adj Mean Diff (95% CI)* | p value** | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 16 wk | Baseline | 16 wk | |||
| BMI(kg/m2) | 34.9 (8.0) | 34.5 (7.8) | 36.5 (8.9) | 36.2 (8.9) | −0.24 (−090, 0.41) | 0.5 |
| Body Fat (%) | 35.9 (9.5) | 34.7 (9.7) | 37.4 (8.6) | 37.7 (8.7) | −1.43 (−2.95, 0.09) | 0.1 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 126.4 (17.8) | 124.5 (15.9) | 133.7 (19.2) | 128.4 (25.3) | 2.02 (−7.54, 11.58) | 0.9 |
| DBP mm Hg) | 79.5 (10.2) | 77.8 (10.6) | 79.1 (10.7) | 75.3 (14.7) | 2.62 (−2.62, 7.85) | 0.1 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 38.5 (10.9) | 38.9 (9.1) | 43.7 (14.5) | 44.7 (13.9) | −2.42 (−6.91, 2.06) | 0.3 |
| Aortic PWV(m/s) | 10.7 (2.9) | 10.8 (2.9) | 11.1 (2.2) | 10.98 (2.4) | 0.14 (−0.74, 1.02) | 0.8 |
| VO2peak (ml/kg/min) | 19.6 (6.7) | 21.2 (7.7) | 18.0 (6.0) | 17.5 (5.7) | 2.29 (0.12, 4.47) | 0.04§ |
| Peak RER | 0.96 (0.2) | 0.99 (0.09) | 0.99 (0.14) | 0.96 (0.13) | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.2 |
| Peak SBP (mm Hg) | 179.4 (29.4) | 173.1 (26.1) | 178.7 (27.7) | 167.4 (30.8) | 5.00 (−11.14, 21.13) | 0.5 |
| Peak heart rate (bpm) | 134.4 (25.8) | 136.8 (24.7) | 126.7 (18.9) | 122.2 (18.6) | 8.23 (0.32, 16.14) | 0.04§ |
| AIx at 75 bpm | 22.6 (11.2) | 20.9 (11.1) | 17.1 (11.0) | 16.4 (7.7) | 0.34 (−2.89, 3.57) | 0.8 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 6.0 (3.7) | 5.9 (4.5) | 5.6 (2.96) | 5.4 (3.3) | 0.14 (−1.50, 1.78) | 0.9 |
| ET-1* (fmol/ml) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.3 (0.7) | 1.7 (1.3) | 2.2 (2.2) | −0.83 (−1.56, − 0.10) | 0.03§ |
| NO (μmol/L) | 19.4 (15.3) | 18.1 (14.8) | 17.4 (13.5) | 15.7 (9.5) | 1.69 (−5.39, 8.77) | 0.6 |
| NO:ET-1 ratio | 12.3 (7.11) | 15.93 (13.1) | 14.1 (15.0) | 8.8 (6.8) | 7.80 (1.12, 14.17) | 0.02§ |
| Calories (kcal) | 2149.3 (722.1) | 2200.5 (849.6) | 2077.2 (568.5) | 1985.1 (411.7) | 183.05 (−162.46, 528.87) | 0.3 |
| Sodium (mg) | 3643.7 (1273.2) | 3714.4 (1432.7) | 3612.9 (1550.4) | 3512.6 (1289.8) | 186.38 (−217.73, 590.49) | 0.4 |
Note: Unless otherwise indicated, values are given as mean ± standard deviation.
Adj, adjusted; AIx, central augmentation index; BMI, body mass index; diff, difference; CI. confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HTN, hypertension; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake; NO, nitric oxide; ET-1, endothelin 1;
hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein;
95% CI for difference between adjusted means of treatment and control groups at 16 weeks, controlling for age and baseline assessment.
p value for difference between treatment and control groups at 16 weeks analyzed by either a 1 way or 2×2 analysis of covariance (see text for details for each variable).
indicates significant difference between treatment and control groups at week 16 controlling for age and baseline values.