Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants across five levels of total RM consumption by gender, CHNS 1993
| Characteristics | Men
|
P | Women
|
P | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nonconsumers (n = 863) |
Q11 (n = 526) |
Q2 (n = 501) |
Q3 (n = 512) |
Q4 (n = 514) |
Nonconsumers (n = 1,071) |
Q1 (n = 540) |
Q2 (n = 566) |
Q3 (n = 554) |
Q4 (n = 546) |
|||
| Total RM (g/day)2 | 0.0 | 33.3 (25.0, 46.7) | 75.0 (66.7, 83.3) | 116.7 (100.0, 133.3) | 191.7 (166.7, 241.7) | 0.0 | 33.3 (16.6, 33.3) | 66.7 (50.0, 66.7) | 100.0 (86.7, 108.3) | 164.5 (134.6, 183.3) | < 0.001 | |
| Age (years)3 | 41.6 ± 0.5 | 42.1 ± 0.6 | 41.6 ± 0.6 | 42.6 ± 0.6 | 40.4 ± 0.6 | 0.170 | 41.5 ± 0.4 | 42.3 ± 0.6 | 40.9 ± 0.6 | 42.1 ± 0.6 | 40.9 ± 0.6 | 0.300 |
| Income level (%) | ||||||||||||
| Low | 54.9 | 37.6 | 23.4 | 19.5 | 14.4 | < 0.001 | 54.4 | 34.4 | 24.6 | 22.4 | 12.8 | < 0.001 |
| Medium | 30.6 | 34.0 | 35.3 | 35.7 | 33.3 | 30.3 | 34.1 | 35.5 | 33.9 | 32.1 | ||
| High | 14.5 | 28.3 | 41.3 | 44.7 | 52.3 | 15.2 | 31.5 | 39.9 | 43.7 | 55.1 | ||
| Education (years) | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 7.1 ± 0.2 | 7.8 ± 0.2 | 8.0 ± 0.2 | 8.6 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 | 3.6 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.2 | 6.3 ± 0.2 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| Urbanicity index | 37.8 ± 0.5 | 48.8 ± 0.6 | 51.6 ± 0.7 | 56.8 ± 0.6 | 58.3 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 | 37.5 ± 0.4 | 49.2 ± 0.6 | 51.6 ± 0.6 | 57.4 ± 0.6 | 59.0 ± 0.6 | < 0.001 |
| Physical activity (MET hours/week) | 423.3 ± 7.1 | 324.1 ± 9.1 | 286.4 ± 9.3 | 256.1 ± 9.2 | 243.8 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 | 489.6 ± 7.4 | 370.5 ± 10.4 | 338.0 ± 10.2 | 294.5 ± 10.3 | 272.2 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 66.6 | 67.5 | 58.9 | 63.3 | 67.3 | 0.010 | 4.3 | 6.5 | 3.7 | 4.9 | 3.7 | 0.140 |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | 57.5 | 66.7 | 62.9 | 62.5 | 69.8 | < 0.001 | 10.3 | 13.1 | 11.5 | 12.8 | 14.5 | 0.120 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.5 ± 0.1 | 21.8 ± 0.1 | 21.9 ± 0.1 | 21.8 ± 0.1 | 22.1 ± 0.1 | < 0.010 | 22.1 ± 0.1 | 21.9 ± 0.1 | 22.2 ± 0.1 | 22.1 ± 0.1 | 22.3 ± 0.1 | 0.210 |
| WC (cm) | 75.6 ± 0.3 | 77.3 ± 0.4 | 77.7 ± 0.4 | 77.2 ± 0.4 | 78.0 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 | 74.9 ± 0.3 | 74.8 ± 0.4 | 75.3 ± 0.4 | 75.6 ± 0.4 | 75.3 ± 0.4 | 0.440 |
| Abdominal obesity (%) | 12.4 | 20.5 | 21.2 | 20.7 | 23.4 | < 0.001 | 27.4 | 28.3 | 27.9 | 32.1 | 31.9 | 0.160 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 2,473.0 ± 233.0 | 2,393.0 ± 30.0 | 2,462.0 ± 30.0 | 2,648.0 ± 30.0 | 2,875.0 ± 30. 0 | < 0.001 | 2,246.0 ± 18.0 | 2,060.0 ± 25.0 | 2,133.0 ± 24.0 | 2,234.0 ± 25.0 | 2,394.0 ± 25.0 | < 0.001 |
| Fresh RM (g/day) | 0.0 | 34.0 ± 1.2 | 73.5 ± 1.2 | 113.1 ± 1.2 | 203.1 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 28.1 ± 1.0 | 61.4 ± 0.9 | 97.0 ± 1.0 | 168.5 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| Fatty fresh RM (g/day) | 0.0 | 31.7 ± 2.1 | 61.1 ± 2.1 | 85.9 ± 2.1 | 134.3 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 26.2 ± 1.7 | 48.9 ± 1.7 | 73.3 ± 1.7 | 118.1 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| Lean fresh RM (g/day) | 0.0 | 2.8 ± 2.0 | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 27.3 ± 2.0 | 68.3 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 23.5 ± 1.5 | 50.1 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 |
| Processed RM (g/day) | 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | < 0.001 | 0.0 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | < 0.001 |
| Poultry (g/day) | 2.8 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 1.2 | 10.3 ± 1.2 | 12.4 ± 1.2 | 18.4 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 8.6 ± 1.0 | 8.9 ± 1.0 | 14.9 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| Fish and seafood (g/day) | 12.6 ± 1.5 | 20.0 ± 1.9 | 31.0 ± 2.0 | 33.2 ± 2.0 | 37.3 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 | 10.1 ± 1.1 | 21.9 ± 1.6 | 24.1 ± 1.6 | 28.1 ± 1.6 | 29.1 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 |
| Grains and cereals (g/day) | 604.9 ± 3.9 | 549.8 ± 5.0 | 508.1 ± 5.1 | 470.4 ± 5.0 | 414.6 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 | 533.5 ± 2.9 | 484.2 ± 4.1 | 444.1 ± 4.0 | 419.6 ± 4.0 | 380.9 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
| Vegetables and fruits (g/day) | 413.4 ± 6.9 | 344.6 ± 8.8 | 381.1 ± 9.0 | 370.6 ± 8.9 | 374.2 ± 9.1 | < 0.001 | 372.5 ± 5.7 | 334.3 ± 8.1 | 348.7 ± 7.9 | 339.9 ± 7.9 | 364.5 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 |
| Eggs (g/day) | 12.0 ± 1.2 | 19.2 ± 1.5 | 20.8 ± 1.6 | 23.2 ± 1.5 | 19.6 ± 1.6 | < 0.001 | 9.8 ± 0.9 | 14.0 ± 1.3 | 19.3 ± 1.3 | 19.2 ± 1.3 | 19.4 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
| Soybeans and nuts (g/day) | 23.4 ± 1.3 | 28.7 ± 1.7 | 22.3 ± 1.7 | 25.5 ± 1.7 | 20.5 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 | 19.9 ± 1.0 | 24.7 ± 1.5 | 22.7 ± 1.4 | 20.0 ± 1.4 | 18.9 ± 1.4 | 0.020 |
| Dairy (g/day) | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 9.0 ± 1.5 | < 0.001 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 3.7 ± 1.4 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 11.2 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Cooking oil (g/day) | 31.7 ± 0.9 | 34.9 ± 1.1 | 37.9 ± 1.1 | 38.8 ± 1.1 | 39.5 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 | 26.7 ± 0.7 | 30.7 ± 1.0 | 35.6 ± 1.0 | 33.8 ± 1.0 | 32.8 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
1
Q = quartile.
2
Median; interquartile range in parentheses.
3
Mean ± standard error (all such values). Adjusted by age for total energy intake, physical activity, BMI, and WC and adjusted by age and total energy intake for other relevant food groups. ANOVA or ANCOVA tests were used for continuous variables, and chi-square tests were used for categorical covariates.