Table 1.
Host factors |
Genetics: |
|
Obesity: body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2 |
Male sex in childhood |
Inhaled environmental factors |
Allergens: |
|
Outdoor/indoor air pollutants: CO (carbon monoxide), CO2 (carbon dioxide), NO (nitrogen dioxide), SO2 (sulphur dioxide), PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), O3 (ozone), particulate matter (PM) |
Infectious agents (predominately viral) |
Tobacco smoke: passive smoking: maternal prenatal smoking, postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure; active smoking |
Occupational sensitizers, e.g. flour, soybean dust, wood dust, grain dust, formaldehyde |
Non-inhaled environmental factors |
Foods, e.g. peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, egg |
Ticks, Hymenoptera |
Occupational sensitizers, e.g. nickel, platinum, vanadium salts |
Diet |