Table 1.

Logistic regression of transitions into self-rated ill-health among respondents 18–64 years in 23 European countries (z values within parenthesis)

	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV
Individual-level effects
Primary education†	0.801** (0.066)	0.805** (0.062)	0.940** (0.197)	0.798** (0.069)
Secondary education†	0.558** (0.053)	0.558** (0.053)	0.558** (0.053)	0.344 (0.223)
Country-level effects
Ui coverage rate	−1.296* (0.654)	0.042 (0.935)	−1.262 (0.667)	−1.519* (0.659)
Ui replacement rate	0.523** (0.168)	2.414** (0.932)	0.530** (0.159)	0.529** (0.165)
Ui coverage rate*Ui replacement rate		−2.471 (1.348)
Cross-level effects
Ui coverage rate*Primary education			−0.221 (0.274)
Ui coverage rate*Secondary education				0.333 (0.301)
Diff. BIC		−56.619	−9.481	−2.313

*p<0.05; **p<0.01 using cluster robust SEs. All regression models include a constant and the full set of control variables, including GDP per capita in purchasing power adjusted amounts, social spending as percentage of GDP, self-rated health in 2006, age, sex, employment status (employed, unemployed, inactive, student) and family type (single person, lone parent, couple without children and two-parent family with children).

†Reference category is tertiary education.

Diff. BIC, difference in the Bayesian Information Criterion from the baseline model excluding the interaction term; GDP, gross domestic product; Ui, unemployment insurance.