FIGURE 2.

Elucidation of additional targets of antipsychotic drugs (APDs). The classical view refers to drug targets identified during the original development of first- and second-generation APDs. The enriched view depicts new targets identified in studies of these drugs in model organisms, primarily C. elegans. The drugs appear to bind directly (as indicated by solid arrows) to the first layer of targets, and have important secondary (red targets) and tertiary (blue targets) effects that are indirect (dashed arrows). Although the first-layer targets are depicted in parallel in Figures 2–4, they may actually operate in series, or as components of more extensive pathways. Gα-βγ denotes the G protein α and βγ subunits associated with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). DAF-2 is the C. elegans insulin/IGF-1 receptor (InsR); PI3K is phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; AKT and SGK-1 (serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1) are serine/threonine kinases.