Table 1.
Comparison of clinical data between patients with and without spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma n (%)
| Variable | Case group (n = 89) | Control group (n = 171) | P value |
| Age (yr) | 48.5 ± 11.2 | 50.3 ± 11.5 | 0.215 |
| Sex (M/F) | 83/6 | 151/20 | 0.206 |
| Diabetes | 0.626 | ||
| Yes | 3 | 167 | |
| No | 86 | 4 | |
| Hypertension | 0.030 | ||
| Yes | 9 | 6 | |
| No | 80 | 165 | |
| HBsAg status | 0.195 | ||
| Positive | 82 | 151 | |
| Negative | 7 | 20 | |
| Liver cirrhosis | < 0.001 | ||
| Yes | 73 | 99 | |
| No | 16 | 72 | |
| Child-Pugh classification | 0.148 | ||
| A | 84 | 159 | |
| B | 5 | 12 | |
| Tumor BCLC classification | 0.653 | ||
| A | 31 | 68 | |
| B | 58 | 103 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | 8.1 ± 3.1 | 6.5 ± 4.2 | 0.001 |
| Tumor location1 | < 0.001 | ||
| Segment I | 2 | 1 | |
| Segments IIand III | 20 | 16 | |
| Segment VI | 47 | 52 | |
| Segments IV,V,VII and VIII | 20 | 102 | |
| Tumor protrudes from liver surface | 0.138 | ||
| Yes | 45 | 70 | |
| No | 44 | 101 | |
| Satellite nodule(s) | 0.288 | ||
| Yes | 29 | 45 | |
| No | 60 | 126 | |
| AFP (ng/mL) | 138.5 (1.8, 20181.0) | 73.8 (2.4, 224492.0) | 0.102 |
| WBC (× 109/L) | 5.7 ± 2.5 | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 0.381 |
| PLT (× 109/L) | 154.7 ± 71.8 | 147.0 ± 61.3 | 0.112 |
| Total bilirubin (umol/L) | 21.67 ± 3.25 | 13.57 ± 4.33 | 0.104 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 39.18 ± 3.16 | 40.52 ± 3.45 | 0.624 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 55.5 ± 49.0 | 60.5 ± 51.0 | 0.447 |
| PT (s) | 13.0 ± 1.5 | 13.2 ± 1.5 | 0.286 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 6.01 ± 0.39 | 5.93 ± 1.01 | 0.342 |
| Cr (umol/L) | 71.65 ± 12.51 | 74.72 ± 19.46 | 0.179 |
| Types of liver resection | 0.199 | ||
| Minor ≤ 3 liver segments | 70 | 120 | |
| Major ≥ 4 liver segments | 19 | 51 | |
| Radical resection | 0.011 | ||
| Yes | 80 | 163 | |
| No | 9 | 8 | |
| Inflow blood occlusion time (min) | 15.4 ± 6.9 | 15.4 ± 7.0 | 0.993 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 550 (300, 3200) | 200 (50, 2000) | 0.011 |
| Blood transfusion (yes/no) | 38/51 | 29/142 | < 0.001 |
| Tumor grade (Iand II/III and IV)2 | 3/86 | 20/151 | 0.025 |
| 30-d mortality | 1 (1.1) | 1 (0.6) | 0.079 |
1
Couinaud’s classification to segment the liver;
2
Edmondson-Steiner classification. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; WBC: White blood cell; PLT: Platelet; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; PT: Prothrombin time; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; Cr: Creatinine.