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. 2014 Jul 28;5:357. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00357

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Loss of lignin in anther endothecium cells results in failure of anther dehiscence in irx8 mutants. (A) Light microscope images of wild-type and irx8 open flowers (stage 13, anthesis). (B) Close-up of Col-0 pistil and anthers. (C) Close-up of irx8-5 pistil and anthers. (D–G) Red phloroglucinol-HCl staining of flower anther indicates presence of lignin. Endothecium layer stains red in wild type (D), the lack of staining in irx8-5 (E), close-up of a wild-type anther (stomium indicated by arrow, F), and close-up of an irx8 anther showing no staining (G). (H–K) Mäule staining of flowers of wild type: pollen and dehisced anther walls stained red (H); lack of staining in irx8-5 (I); close-up of wild-type anther stomium (arrowhead), released pollen stained dark red (J); close-up of irx8-5 stomium (arrowhead), no lignin staining and no pollen released (K). Bar in A = 1 mm; bar in B–K = 0.1 mm. p, pollen; st, stomium.