Fos-immunoreactive neurons within the NTS, DMX, and AP sampled at the end of a slow-onset (−0.05 mmol/L/min) hypoglycemic clamp (105 min) (A). Open squares represent euglycemia, closed black bars represent control, and closed gray bars represent capsaicin. Photomicrographs of representative hindbrain sections for euglycemia (B), control (C), and capsaicin (D) with the AP, NTS, DMX, hypoglossal nucleus, gracile nucleus, and central canal indicated. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 for control vs. capsaicin. ++P < 0.01; +++P < 0.001 for control vs. euglycemia. C, central canal; CAP, capsaicin; CON, control; EUG, euglycemia; GR, gracile nucleus; XII, hypoglossal nucleus.