Fos-immunoreactive neurons within the NTS, DMX, and AP sampled at the end of a rapid-onset (−0.16 mmol/L/min) hypoglycemic clamp (110 min) (A). Open bars represent control, and closed bars represent CSMG. Photomicrographs of representative hindbrain sections for control (B) and CSMG (C) with the AP, NTS, DMX, hypoglossal nucleus, gracile nucleus, and central canal indicated. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. C, central canal; CON, control; GR, gracile nucleus; XII, hypoglossal nucleus.