Table 2.
CON/CON | CON/HF | HF+IS/CON | HF+IS/HF | HF+IR/CON | HF+IR/HF | Diet effects |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal | Postweaning | INT | |||||||
Number of offspring | 21 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 16 | |||
Growth | |||||||||
Necropsy age (months)* | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.4 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 0.96 | 0.51 | <0.05 |
Body weight (g)* | 2,495 ± 65 | 2,788 ± 96 | 2,620 ± 100 | 2,580 ± 116 | 2,644 ± 78 | 2,905 ± 105 | 0.23 | <0.05 | 0.21 |
Liver weight (g)* | 67 ± 2.3 | 71 ± 2.9 | 67 ± 3.7 | 63 ± 2.1 | 72 ± 3.3 | 72 ± 2.0 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 0.27 |
Retroperitoneal adipose weight (g)* | 489 ± 50 | 644 ± 56 | 568 ± 176 | 546 ± 94 | 442 ± 37 | 724 ± 84 | 0.96 | 0.10 | 0.41 |
DEXA weight (g)† | 2,535 ± 65 | 2,764 ± 104 | 2,628 ± 166 | 2,532 ± 196 | 2,731 ± 90 | 2,958 ± 115 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.51 |
DEXA lean mass (g)† | 2,427 ± 66 | 2,611 ± 98 | 2,484 ± 146 | 2,418 ± 195 | 2,602 ± 82 | 2,815 ± 112 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.59 |
DEXA fat mass (g)† | 49.3 ± 5.3 | 85.6 ± 11.0 | 71.9 ± 15.9 | 44.8 ± 8.5 | 55.9 ± 17.3 | 68.2 ± 12.6 | 0.70 | 0.49 | <0.05 |
DEXA fat (% weight)† | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 0.52 | 0.59 | <0.05 |
Body weight gain (g/day)† | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 0.46 | <0.001 | 0.36 |
Lean mass gain (g/day)† | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.47 |
Fat mass gain (g/day)† | −0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | −0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | −0.7 ± 0.4 | −0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.66 | <0.01 | 0.30 |
Plasma* | |||||||||
Glucose (mg/dL) | 51.3 ± 3.2 | 60.5 ± 3.7 | 56.0 ± 4.4 | 53.0 ± 3.0 | 61.1 ± 4.4 | 58.9 ± 3.2 | 0.33 | 0.67 | 0.24 |
Insulin (mU/mL) | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 10.5 ± 2.5 | 0.59 | <0.05 | 0.25 |
HOMA-IR | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
Glucose:insulin ratio | 17.7 ± 2.4 | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 11.5 ± 3.6 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | 17.3 ± 3.6 | 9.8 ± 1.8 | 0.25 | <0.01 | 0.59 |
Glycerol (mg/mL) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.55 | 0.06 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 41.8 ± 3.3 | 45.2 ± 10.9 | 54.8 ± 11.7 | 39.8 ± 7.5 | 33.9 ± 6.4 | 41.2 ± 4.0 | 0.34 | 0.80 | 0.35 |
Nonesterified fatty acid (mEq/L) | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.66 ± 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
Hepatic lipids‡ | |||||||||
Triglycerides | 23.5 ± 4.6 | 55.6 ± 22.3 | 114.8 ± 23.0 | 103.9 ± 38.7 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 0.57 | ||
Diacylglycerides | 0.87 ± 0.13 | 1.21 ± 0.20 | 1.62 ± 0.19 | 1.46 ± 0.19 | <0.05 | 0.66 | 0.28 | ||
Phospholipids | 218.3 ± 17.8 | 238.0 ± 20.4 | 183.0 ± 12.5 | 223.5 ± 9.7 | 0.11 | <0.05 | 0.49 |
Measured at time of necropsy.
DEXA measurements at 12 months and growth rates calculated from DEXA analysis at 10 and 12 months.
Liver triglycerides, diacylglycerides, and phospholipids measured by mass spectrometry in a subset of offspring (n = 3–8 per group), expressed as μg fatty acid per mg liver weight. INT, interaction.