Table 2.
Juvenile offspring characteristics at 1 year of age
| CON/CON | CON/HF | HF+IS/CON | HF+IS/HF | HF+IR/CON | HF+IR/HF | Diet effects |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal | Postweaning | INT | |||||||
| Number of offspring | 21 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 16 | |||
| Growth | |||||||||
| Necropsy age (months)* | 12.8 ± 0.1 | 13.7 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.3 | 13.3 ± 0.4 | 13.5 ± 0.3 | 13.1 ± 0.3 | 0.96 | 0.51 | <0.05 |
| Body weight (g)* | 2,495 ± 65 | 2,788 ± 96 | 2,620 ± 100 | 2,580 ± 116 | 2,644 ± 78 | 2,905 ± 105 | 0.23 | <0.05 | 0.21 |
| Liver weight (g)* | 67 ± 2.3 | 71 ± 2.9 | 67 ± 3.7 | 63 ± 2.1 | 72 ± 3.3 | 72 ± 2.0 | 0.06 | 0.90 | 0.27 |
| Retroperitoneal adipose weight (g)* | 489 ± 50 | 644 ± 56 | 568 ± 176 | 546 ± 94 | 442 ± 37 | 724 ± 84 | 0.96 | 0.10 | 0.41 |
| DEXA weight (g)† | 2,535 ± 65 | 2,764 ± 104 | 2,628 ± 166 | 2,532 ± 196 | 2,731 ± 90 | 2,958 ± 115 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.51 |
| DEXA lean mass (g)† | 2,427 ± 66 | 2,611 ± 98 | 2,484 ± 146 | 2,418 ± 195 | 2,602 ± 82 | 2,815 ± 112 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.59 |
| DEXA fat mass (g)† | 49.3 ± 5.3 | 85.6 ± 11.0 | 71.9 ± 15.9 | 44.8 ± 8.5 | 55.9 ± 17.3 | 68.2 ± 12.6 | 0.70 | 0.49 | <0.05 |
| DEXA fat (% weight)† | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 3.1 ± 0.4 | 2.7 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.3 ± 0.4 | 0.52 | 0.59 | <0.05 |
| Body weight gain (g/day)† | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.6 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | 0.46 | <0.001 | 0.36 |
| Lean mass gain (g/day)† | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 0.19 | <0.001 | 0.47 |
| Fat mass gain (g/day)† | −0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.3 | −0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.0 ± 0.1 | −0.7 ± 0.4 | −0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.66 | <0.01 | 0.30 |
| Plasma* | |||||||||
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 51.3 ± 3.2 | 60.5 ± 3.7 | 56.0 ± 4.4 | 53.0 ± 3.0 | 61.1 ± 4.4 | 58.9 ± 3.2 | 0.33 | 0.67 | 0.24 |
| Insulin (mU/mL) | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 8.4 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 2.1 | 6.7 ± 0.9 | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 10.5 ± 2.5 | 0.59 | <0.05 | 0.25 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 0.50 | 0.06 | 0.19 |
| Glucose:insulin ratio | 17.7 ± 2.4 | 9.8 ± 2.4 | 11.5 ± 3.6 | 8.4 ± 1.1 | 17.3 ± 3.6 | 9.8 ± 1.8 | 0.25 | <0.01 | 0.59 |
| Glycerol (mg/mL) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.03 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.55 | 0.06 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 41.8 ± 3.3 | 45.2 ± 10.9 | 54.8 ± 11.7 | 39.8 ± 7.5 | 33.9 ± 6.4 | 41.2 ± 4.0 | 0.34 | 0.80 | 0.35 |
| Nonesterified fatty acid (mEq/L) | 0.81 ± 0.08 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.63 ± 0.06 | 0.70 ± 0.11 | 0.72 ± 0.12 | 0.66 ± 0.08 | 0.96 | 0.35 | 0.31 |
| Hepatic lipids‡ | |||||||||
| Triglycerides | 23.5 ± 4.6 | 55.6 ± 22.3 | 114.8 ± 23.0 | 103.9 ± 38.7 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 0.57 | ||
| Diacylglycerides | 0.87 ± 0.13 | 1.21 ± 0.20 | 1.62 ± 0.19 | 1.46 ± 0.19 | <0.05 | 0.66 | 0.28 | ||
| Phospholipids | 218.3 ± 17.8 | 238.0 ± 20.4 | 183.0 ± 12.5 | 223.5 ± 9.7 | 0.11 | <0.05 | 0.49 | ||
*
Measured at time of necropsy.
†
DEXA measurements at 12 months and growth rates calculated from DEXA analysis at 10 and 12 months.
‡
Liver triglycerides, diacylglycerides, and phospholipids measured by mass spectrometry in a subset of offspring (n = 3–8 per group), expressed as μg fatty acid per mg liver weight. INT, interaction.