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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Parasite Immunol. 2014 Aug;36(8):367–376. doi: 10.1111/pim.12100

Figure 4. Representation of the two clinical outcomes following infection with L. infantum.

Figure 4

While an asymptomatic outcome is associated with lower levels cytokine production and a balance between the cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-10, patients with active VL are associated with higher production of both inflammatory (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) and the down regulatory cytokine IL-10. Thus, a suppression of an effective leishmaniacidal response in VL is correlated with disease development, as well as the presence of immunomodulatory molecules such as CTLA-4 leading to ineffective control of Leishmania.