Table 4.
Mean effect estimates and 95% Confidence Intervall (CI) for changes (difference) associated with an increase in particulate metrics post 4 h and 24 h post exposure and for different exposure scenarios for PMC, PSC and PNC. Changes refer to an increase of 10 µg/m3 (PMC), 100 µm2/cm3 (PSC) and 10,000 number/cm3 (PNC).
| Lung Function Measure | Exposure Scenario | PMC | PSC | PNC | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PM10 | PM2.5 | PM1 | <100 nm | ||||||||
| Mean (95%-CI) | Mean (95%-CI) | Mean (95%-CI) | Mean (95%-CI) | Mean (95%-CI) | |||||||
| Post 4 h | Post 24 h | Post 4 h | Post 24 h | Post 4 h | Post 24 h | Post 4 h | Post 24 h | Post 4 h | Post 24 h | ||
| FEV1 (m L ) | Candle burning | ||||||||||
| crude model | 7 (−1; 15) | 5 (−3; 13) | 8 (0; 16) | 5 (−3; 13) | 8 (0; 16) | 5 (−3; 13) | 2 (0; 3) | 1 (−1; 2) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
| full model * | −18 (−40; 4) | −19 (−41; 3) | −19 (−43; 5) | −20 (−44; 4) | −22 (−47; 3) | −23 (−48; 2) | −13 (−20; −6) | −13 (−20; −6) | −1 (−2; 1) | −1 (−2; 1) | |
| FVC (m L ) | Candle burning | ||||||||||
| crude model | 8 (−2; 18) | 7 (−3; 17) | 9 (−1; 19) | 8 (−2; 18) | 9 (−1; 19) | 8 (−2; 18) | 2 (0; 4) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
| full model | −13 (−38; 12) | −12 (−39; 15) | −12 (−39; 15) | −11 (−38; 16) | −13 (−44; 18) | −12 (−43; 19) | −9 (−18; −1) | −10 (−18; −1) | −1 (−3; 0) | −1 (−3; 0) | |
| Toasting bread | |||||||||||
| crude model | 0 (−2; 2) | −1 (−3; 1) | 4 (−2; 10) | 1 (−5; 7) | 14 (4; 24) | 14 (4; 24) | 3 (1; 5) | 2 (0; 5) | 1 (0; 1) | 0 (0; 1) | |
| full model | 0 (−2; 2) | −2 (−10; 6) | 1 (−7; 9) | −2 (−16; 12) | 0 (−22; 22) | 0 (−21; 19) | 1 (−7; 9) | 1 (−7; 8) | 1 (−2; 4) | 1 (−2; 4) | |
| Frying sausages | |||||||||||
| crude model | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−4; 4) | 0 (−4; 4) | 1 (−3; 5) | 0 (−4; 4) | 0 (−2; 3) | −1 (−3; 1) | 0 (−1; 2) | −1 (−2; 1) | |
| full model | 2 (−2; 6) | 1 (−3; 5) | 3 (−3; 9) | 2 (−4; 8) | 5 (−1; 11) | 4 (−4; 12) | 3 (−1; 7) | 2 (−3; 7) | 4 (−1; 8) | 3 (−2; 8) | |
| FEV1/FVC (%); Percentage Point * 1000 | Candle burning | ||||||||||
| crude model | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
| full model | −2 (−6; 2) | −3 (−7; 1) | −3 (−7; 1) | −3 (−7; 1) | −3 (−7; 1) | −4 (−8; 0) | −1 (−2; 0) | 1 (−2; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
| Toasting bread | |||||||||||
| crude model | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (−2; 2) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
| full model | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (−2; 2) | −1 (−3; 1) | −1 (−3; 1) | −1 (−2; 0) | −1 (−2; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
| Frying sausages | |||||||||||
| crude model | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 1) | 0 (0; 0) | 0 (0; 0) | |
| full model | −1 (−1; −1) | −1 (−1; −1) | −2 (−4; 0) | −2 (−4; 0) | −2 (−4; 0) | −2 (−4; 0) | −1 (−2; 0) | 0 (−1; 0) | −1 (−2; 0) | −1 (−1; 0) | |
| MEF25 % –75% (m L /s) | Candle burning | ||||||||||
| crude model | 9 (−7; 25) | −3 (−19; 13) | 10 (−6; 26) | −2 (−18; 14) | 10 (−6; 26) | −2 (−20; 16) | 2 (−1; 6) | 1 (−3; 4) | 0 (0; 1) | 0 (0; 1) | |
| full model | −23 (−70; 24) | −37 (−84; 10) | −26 (−75; 23) | −39 (−88; 10) | −31 (−84; 22) | −45 (−100; 10) | −13 (−28; 2) | −14 (−29; 1) | 1 (−2; 4) | 1 (−2; 4) | |
| Toasting bread | |||||||||||
| crude model | 1 (−3; 5) | 0 (−4; 4) | 5 (−5; 15) | 0 (−10; 10) | 11 (−7; 29) | 2 (−16; 20) | 3 (−1; 7) | 1 (−3; 5) | 1 (0; 2) | 0 (0; 1) | |
| full model | 1 (−3; 5) | 0 (−14; 14) | 1 (−11; 13) | −6 (−30; 18) | −14 (−49; 21) | −22 (−57; 13) | −8 (−22; 6) | −9 (−23; 5) | 1 (−4; 6) | 1 (−4; 6) | |
| Frying sausages | |||||||||||
| crude model | 0 (−6; 6) | 2 (−4; 8) | −1 (−9; 7) | 1 (−7; 9) | 0 (−8; 8) | 2 (−8; 12) | 0 (−5; 6) | 1 (−4; 7) | 1 (−3; 4) | 1 (−3; 4) | |
| full model | −11 (−21; −1) | −8 (−20; 4) | −23 (−37; −9) | −20 (−36; −4) | −22 (−38; −6) | −19 (−39; 1) | −8 (−18; 3) | −5 (−17; 7) | −7 (−18; 5) | −5 (−17; 6) | |
Notes: * adjusted for age, height, sex, temperature, humidity, travel time and means of transportation; Abbreviations: FEV1: forced expiratory volume at 1 s, FVC: forced vital capacity, MEF25%–75%: averaged forced expiratory flow between the full expiration of 25% and 75% of the total FVC, CI: confidence interval; marked in bold: effect estimates where CI did not include the null effect. PMC: particle mass concentration; PSC: particle surface concentration; PNC: particle number concentration; LDSA: lung deposited surface area.