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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 29.
Published in final edited form as: Neuroscience. 2013 Jan 3;239:139–148. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.12.043

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the song system and distribution of steroid hormone receptors and aromatase in adult songbird brain.

Figure 1

Red arrows depict projections within the motor pathway; green arrows illustrate connections of the anterior forebrain pathway. The nuclei are colored to indicate their expression of aromatase (green) or gonadal hormone receptors (red, androgen receptor; blue, estrogen receptor).

Abbreviations: DLM, medial dorsolateral nucleus of the thalamus; HVC, higher vocal center; LMAN, lateral magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium; NIF, nucleus interfacialis of the nidopallium; nXIIts, tracheosyringealis portion of the twelfth cranial nerve nucleus; RA, robust nucleus of the arcopallium.

Figure adapted from (Gil and Gahr, 2002).