Table 1.

Overview of six genes that are important for normal learning and memory.

Gene	Protein	Disorder	Hippocampal function CA1 LTP		Cognitive function
			Loss of function	Gain of function	Loss of function
NF1	NF1	NF1	↓	ND	↓ HPWM, ↓ attention and ↓ CFC
UBE3A	Ube3a	Angelman syndrome	↓	ND	↓ HPWM and ↓ CFC
SCT	Secretin	Autism	↓	ND	↓ HPWN and ↓ CFC
CREBBP	CBP	Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome	Normal	↑	↓ social recognition and ↓ reversal learning
RELN	Reelin	Schizophrenia and lissencephaly	↓	↑	↓ CFC and ↑ PPI
APOE	ApoE	Alzheimer’s disease	E4 > E2 > E3		HPWM results unclear and ↑ anxiety (E4 > E2/E3)

NF1, Ube3a (an E3 ubiquiton ligase, also known as E6-AP), secretin, CBP, Reelin, and apoE are listed alongside their associated disorders. Moreover, changes in hippocampal function are described for mouse models where the genes have either been deleted or decreased, focusing on changes in CA1 LTP; for targeted replacement apoE isoform-expressing mice, relative changes are conveyed. Specific changes in cognitive function are also included, predominantly focused on spatial learning (determined using the hidden platform water maze) and hippocampus-dependent CFC.

CBP: CREB binding protein; CFC: Contextual fear conditioning; HPWM: Hidden platform water maze; LTP: Long-term potentiation; ND: No data; NF1: Neurofibromatosis type 1; PPI: Prepulse inhibition.