Table 1.
Prevalence of Trauma Exposure Overall and by Gender and Race
| Total, % | Female | Male | Afr. Amer. | Caucasian | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | (N=732) | (n=377) | (n=355) | OR (95% CI) | (n=417) | (n=226) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Interpersonal Violence | 50.1 | 42.4 | 58.3 | 1.9 (1.4–2.5)*** | 43.9 | 57.1 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4)** | |
| Direct Combat | 22.7 | 18.3 | 27.3 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4)** | 24.5 | 19.0 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | |
| Physically attacked/assaulted | 30.3 | 26.5 | 34.4 | 1.5 (1.1–2.0)* | 23.7 | 38.9 | 2.1 (1.4–2.9)*** | |
| Threatened with weapon/ kidnapped/ captive | 26.5 | 18.6 | 34.9 | 2.3 (1.7–3.3)*** | 21.1 | 31.9 | 1.8 (1.2–2.5)** | |
| Tortured/victim of terrorists | 4.4 | 4.0 | 4.8 | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 3.1 | 5.8 | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | |
| Sexual Trauma | 29.9 | 44.8 | 14.1 | 0.2 (0.1–0.3)*** | 20.6 | 46.0 | 3.3 (2.3–4.7)*** | |
| Raped | 17.5 | 28.6 | 5.6 | 0.1 (0.1–0.2)*** | 13.7 | 23.5 | 2.0 (1.3–3.0)** | |
| Molested | 27.2 | 40.3 | 13.2 | 0.2 (0.2–0.3)*** | 18.0 | 42.9 | 3.4 (2.4–5.0)*** | |
| Environmental Trauma | 35.7 | 30.5 | 41.1 | 1.6 (1.2–2.2)** | 30.9 | 42.5 | 1.6 (1.2–2.3)** | |
| Life-threatening Accident | 23.9 | 19.1 | 29.0 | 1.7 (1.2–2.5)** | 22.1 | 24.8 | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | |
| Natural Disaster | 21.0 | 18.8 | 23.4 | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 17.7 | 27.9 | 1.8 (1.2–2.6)** | |
| Indirect Trauma | 54.5 | 50.7 | 58.6 | 1.4 (1.0–1.8)* | 55.6 | 50.4 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | |
| Witnessed someone injured/killed | 40.4 | 32.6 | 48.7 | 2.0 (1.5–2.7)*** | 43.4 | 35.8 | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | |
| Shock because happened to someone close – DSM valid | 20.6 | 24.7 | 16.3 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9)** | 19.4 | 21.2 | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | |
| Shock because happened to someone close – sub-DSM | 11.7 | 11.1 | 12.4 | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 13.9 | 6.6 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8)** | |
| Other Trauma | 20.8 | 22.0 | 19.4 | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 13.2 | 29.6 | 2.8 (1.9–4.2)*** | |
| Other - DSM valid | 14.8 | 17.5 | 11.8 | 0.6 (0.4–1.0)* | 9.6 | 20.8 | 2.5 (1.6–3.9)*** | |
| Other - sub-DSM | 6.0 | 4.5 | 7.6 | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 3.6 | 8.8 | 2.6 (1.3–5.2)** | |
| Any traumatic event (not incl. Sub-DSM) | 80.3 | 80.6 | 80.0 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 76.5 | 85.0 | 1.7 (1.1–2.7)* | |
| Only one traumatic event (not incl. Sub-DSM) | 18.6 | 20.2 | 16.9 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 20.1 | 15.9 | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | |
| 2 or more traumatic events (not incl. Sub-DSM) | 61.7 | 60.5 | 63.1 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 56.4 | 69.0 | 1.7 (1.2–2.4)** | |
| Any traumatic event (incl. sub-DSM) | 82.0 | 82.8 | 81.1 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 78.2 | 87.2 | 1.9 (1.2–3.0)** | |
| Only one traumatic event (incl. sub-DSM) | 16.8 | 19.1 | 14.4 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 18.0 | 15.9 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | |
| 2 or more traumatic events (incl. sub-DSM) | 65.2 | 63.7 | 66.8 | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 60.2 | 71.2 | 1.6 (1.2–2.3)** | |
| Meets lifetime criteria for PTSD diagnosis | 15.1 | 21.9 | 7.9 | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)*** | 13.3 | 16.1 | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | |
*
p<.05.
**
p<.01.
***
p<.001