Table 1.
Post-translational modifications and their effects on proteins involved in homologous recombination.
| Protein | Organism | PTM | Function and PTM effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BLM | H. sapiens | Multiple roles in DNA damage signaling and HR | ||
| SUMO | BLM-K317/331-SUMO required for full activity and Rad51 focus formation after HU treatment | (46, 117) | ||
| BRCA1 | H. sapiens | E3 ligase involved in HR and NHEJ | ||
| SUMO | PIAS1/4-dependent SUMO of BRCA1-K119 enhances BRCA1 UBI ligase activity | (103) | ||
| BRCA2 | H. sapiens | RAD51 filament formation | ||
| PO4 | CDK-mediated PO4 of S3291 inhibits RAD51 interaction of C-terminal RAD51 interaction site | (47) | ||
| CtIP | H. sapiens | DSB resection | ||
| PO4 | CDK-consensus site T847 required for CtIP activity (see also Sae2) | (72) | ||
| PO4 | CDK-consensus site S237 required for BRCA1 binding and HR | (169) | ||
| Exo1 | S. cerevisiae | 5′-3′ DNA exonuclease | ||
| PO4 | Rad53-mediated PO4 of S372, 567, 587, 692 inhibits Exo1 activity | (101) | ||
| hEXO1 | 5′-3′ DNA exonuclease | |||
| PO4 | ATR-dep. PO4 leads to degradation | (45) | ||
| Nej1 | S. cerevisiae | DNA ligase 4 co-factor | ||
| PO4 | Dun1-dependent PO4 of Nej1-S297/8 enhances binding to Srs2 anti-recombinase favoring NHEJ/SSA over HR | (26) | ||
| PCNA | S. cerevisiae | Processivity clamp | (119, 121) | |
| SUMO | PCNA-K164 (K127)-SUMO recruits Srs2 anti-recombinase | |||
| UBI | PCNA-K164-UBI prevents SUMO, anti-recombination effect by favoring TLS or fork regression | |||
| RAD51 | H. sapiens | Homology search and DNA strand invasion | ||
| PO4 | CHK1-dep. PO4 on T309 may be required for RAD51 focus formation | (138) | ||
| Rad52 | S. cerevisiae | Rad51 filament formation, SSA | ||
| SUMO | Sumoylation of K10,11, 2201 affects protein stability and intranuclear localization | (125) (149) | ||
| Rad54 | S. cerevisiae | Cofactor for Rad51 | ||
| PO4 | Mek1-mediated PO4 at T132 inhibits Rad51 interaction during meiosis | (112) | ||
| Rhp54 | S. pombe | Co-factor for Rad51 | ||
| UBI | APC/C mediated ubiquitylation of Rhp54-K26 leads to proteolysis in G1 cells | (152) | ||
| Rad55 | S. cerevisiae | Rad51 filament assembly/stability | ||
| PO4 | Rad55-S2,8,14 PO4 required for full Rad55 activity | (66) | ||
| Sae2 | S. cerevisiae | DSB resection | ||
| PO4 | CDK-mediated PO4 at S267 required for Sae2 activity (see also CtIP) | (71) |