Table 2.
All bribes: pooled sample, 2001 and 2004
| (1) Tobit | (2) Tobit | (3) IV Tobit (2-step) | (4) IV Tobit (2-step) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small-medium size (500m - 1b rupiah sales) | 1.39 (1.79) | 1.57 (1.73) | 1.39 (1.42) | 1.56 (1.40) |
| *D2004 | 1.20 (2.03) | .419 (1.93) | 1.21 (1.90) | .439 (1.88) |
| Medium size (1b – 5b rupiah sales) | −4.41* (2.31) | −3.03 (1.94) | −4.40** (1.45) | −3.06** (1.46) |
| *D2004 | 8.70** (2.80) | 7.08** (2.71) | 8.66** (1.88) | 7.08** (1.88) |
| Large size (> 5b rupiah sales) | −6.17** (2.18) | −5.03** (1.80) | −6.12** (1.55) | −5.10** (1.60) |
| *D2004 | 10.3** (2.80) | 9.06** (2.77) | 10.3** (1.96) | 9.13** (1.99) |
| Export or not | 4.59** (1.48) | 4.40** (1.44) | 4.49** (1.12) | 4.42** (1.13) |
| *D2004 | −2.41 (1.56) | −2.73 (1.51) | −2.38 (1.49) | −2.80* (1.47) |
| Time Dummy, 2004 | −23.6** (5.86) | −20.4** (7.25) | −23.7** (5.91) | −18.9** (5.26) |
| % share PDIP-GLKR vote ‘99 | −.049 (.073) | n.a. | −.071 (.073) | n.a. |
| *D2004 | .260** (.081) | .202** (.083) | .261** (.116) | .169* (.091) |
| Ratio: Islamic to secular schools (t) | 6.41 (9.63) | 30.5** (13.8) | 6.21 (5.49) | 27.5** (8.20) |
| *D2004 | −3.02 (9.34) | −14.3 (11.0) | −2.93 (5.96) | −16.8** (6.19) |
| Control: no vote areas, lnGDPpc(t); __*D2004 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| District fixed effects | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| Variance σ2 | 13.0** (1.01) | 12.9** (1.17) | ||
| N [districts = 37] {zeros = 582} | 1862 | 1862 | 1862 | 1862 |
Standard errors for Tobits are based on clustering (except for 2-step IV). One asterisk indicates a 10% significance level and two a 5% level.