Table 3.

All bribes, cross-section sample, 2004

	(1) Tobit	(2) Tobit	(3) IV Tobit [MLE]	(4) IV Tobit [MLE]	(5) IV Tobit [MLE]
‘99 vote : PDIP- GOLKAR	.101** (.0346)	.108** (.0408)	.199** (.0897)	.243** (.0995)	.240** (.110)
Ln (employ)	2.66** (1.31)	2.30* (1.30)	2.68** (1.33)	2.10 (1.30)	2.20 (1.30)
Ln (employ) sq.	−.166 (.142)	−.137 (.140)	−.175 (.145)	−.126 (.142)	−.136 (.142)
Capital size: 500m-1b	2.49** (.825)	2.32** (.849)	2.46** (.872)	2.42** (.892)	2.33** (.907)
Capital size: 1b–5b	4.15** (1.20)	3.81** (1.19)	4.21** (1.22)	4.00** (1.21)	3.89** (1.22)
Capital size: 5b–20b	3.15** (.956)	2.60** (1.00)	3.06** (.924)	2.79** (.964)	2.61** (.976)
Capital size: over 20b	1.06 (1.42)	.399 (1.50)	1.02 (1.36)	.831 (1.42)	.845 (1.42)
Dummy FDI	.936 (1.23)	.560 (1.22)	.831 (1.18)	.406 (1.19)	.449 (1.48)
Dummy export	.278 (.897)	−.0089 (.884)	.596 (.971)	.0426 (.881)	.089 (.891)
Dummy Chinese	2.81** (1.12)	2.25** (.973)	2.61** (1.26)	2.32** (1.14)	2.13** (1.08)
Controls: no vote, ind. dummy, capital rent dummy, visit cost	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Controls: lnGDPpc99, ln(no. firms01), % export01, avg. profit01	No	Yes	No	Yes	Yes
%ΔGDPpc9904, Δratio Islamic sch0006, avg “efficiency” dist. govt.	No	Yes	No	No	Yes
N [zeros]	2474 [932]	2474 [932]	2474 [932]	2474 [932]	2474 [932]
Variance σ2 [ρ]a	11.0** (.813)	11.0** (.804)	11.0 [−.12] (.751) [(.11)]	10.9 [−.16] (.739) [.12]	10.9 [−.15] (.736) [.13]

^aρ’s are the correlation of the error terms between the main bribe equation and the equation for vote share.

Standard errors for Tobits are based on clustering. One asterisk indicates a 10% significance level and two a 5% level.