Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jul 29.
Published in final edited form as: J Dev Econ. 2011 Mar;94(2):164–180. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.01.007

Table 4. Other Political Considerations.

(Covariates added to Table 3, column 1 and 3 formulation)

Tobit IV Tobit MLE Tobit IV Tobit MLE
(1a) (1b) (2a) (2b)
Share ‘99 vote PDIP- GOLKAR .105** (.0331) . 265** (.0949) .101** (.0344) .223** (.0925)
Political competition: HHI of vote shares 7.86 (5.12) 18.6 (25.3)
Avg. bribe ratio 2004 in contiguous districts .0502 (.332) −.195 (.503)

Instruments for column (1b) are % population living in coastal villages 2000, % pop Christian in 1995, and % population government employees 1990 (for districts with 1999 vote shares). For column (2b), the average in contiguous districts of % population living in coastal villages, of % pop Christian, and of % pop government employees are added as instruments.

Standard errors for Tobits are based on clustering. One asterisk indicates a 10% significance level and two a 5% level.