Table 5.
Harassment and Red Tape
| Visits | Licenses and retributions | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tobit | IV Tobit (MLE) | OLS | 2SLS | |
| ‘99 vote share: PDIP- GOLKAR | .0518* (.0230) | .0904 (.0829) | .0309* (.0180) | .0575 (.0434) |
| Ln (employ) | 3.63** (.884) | 3.68** (.874) | .777 (.502) | .793 (.496) |
| Ln (employ) sq. | −.272** (.101) | −.280** (.0995) | .0669 (.0596) | .0637 (.0589) |
| Capital size: 500m-1b | 2.43** (.620) | 2.41** (.617) | 2.00** (.281) | 1.98** (.281) |
| Capital size: 1b–5b | 3.19** (.957) | 3.21** (.993) | 3.35** (.409) | 3.35** (.405) |
| Capital size: 5b–20b | 3.34** (1.17) | 3.34** (1.15) | 4.29** (.694) | 4.26** (.696) |
| Capital size: over 20b | 1.69 (1.43) | 1.74 (1.33) | 5.84** (.625) | 5.83** (.616) |
| Dummy: Chinese | 1.26** (.975) | 1.18** (.946) | 1.26** (.489) | 1.20** (.478) |
| Dummy: export | 1.96** (.756) | 2.07** (.809) | 1.04** (.295) | 1.12** (.303) |
| Avg. distance from sub-dist. To capital | −.00873 (.0181) | −.0105 (.0168) | n.a. | n.a. |
| % pop in sub-district on coast | −1.62 (4.44) | −2.24 (3.86) | n.a. | n.a. |
| District manu. enterprises/land | 1.11 (.965) | .942 (.903) | n.a. | n.a. |
| No vote controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Industry dummies | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Variance σ2 [ρ] | 10.2 (.850) | 10.2 [−.0447] (.779) [(.0822)] |
2591 | 2591 |
| N [zeros] | 2631 [309] | 2632 [309] | 2591 | 2591 |
| Rsq [Sargan p-value] | . | .500 | [.94] | |
Standard errors for Tobits are based on clustering; and, for 2SLS, standard errors are robust ones accounting for clustering. One asterisk indicates a 10% significance level and two a 5% level.
Instruments for columns 2 and 4 are % population living in coastal villages 2000 and % population government employees 1990 (for districts with 1999 vote shares).