Difference between the values for the gradient of the electric field squared
(∇E2) when Joule heating is
considered and when it is not. By applying a) 1,000 V and b) 1,500 V for 30 s to
buffers with four different initial conductivities; by applying c) 1,000 V and
d) 1,500 V to a buffer with σ0= 0.01 S/m and graphing
the difference at 1, 10, 20, and 30 s. * The simulation with
σ0= 0.015 S/m at an applied potential of 1,500 V
was terminated at 17 s since the system reached 100 °C after this
time.