Figure 5. Integration of the PDF signaling model with the known PTTH signaling pathway.

Solid lines indicate demonstrated or highly likely pathways, and dashed lines indicate hypothetical pathways. Gαs: G protein αs subunit, AC: adenylate cyclase, AMP: adenosine monophosphate, cAMP: cyclic AMP, EPAC: exchange protein directly activated by cAMP, eIF4e: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E, 4E-BP: eIF4E binding protein, TOR: target of rapamycin, PKA: protein kinase A, PKC: protein kinase C, PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, AKT: protein kinase B, CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MEK: MAP kinase kinase, Raf: MAP kinase kinase kinase, S6: ribosomal protein S6, p70S6K: 70 kDa S6 kinase, PLC: phospholipase C, DAG: diacylglycerol, IP₃: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, IP₃R: IP₃ receptor, CaM: calmodulin.