Table 2.
Comparison among the 3 groups with different vitamin D status.
| Variable | Vitamin D deficiency (n=672) | Vitamin D insufficiency (n=211) | Vitamin D sufficiency (n=45) | P value* | P value** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (%) | 62.8 | 47.4 | 57.8 | <0.001 | |
| Age (years) | 47.5 (39.0–63.0) | 45.0 (38.1–54.0) | 58.0 (48.0–61.7) | <0.001 | |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 27.3 (24.3–30.4) | 28.2 (25.0–31.1) | 27.6 (24.3–30.7) | 0.155 | 0.046 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 99.0 (88.0–107.0) | 100.0 (88.0–108.0) | 96.0 (84.0–104.0) | 0.256 | 0.037 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 98.0 (90.0–104.5) | 102.0 (94.0–107.5) | 100.0 (95.0–108.0) | <0.001 | 0.003 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)a | 130.0 (120.0–140.0) | 125.0 (117.0–138.0) | 144.0 (121.0–169.0) | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)a | 75.0 (68.0–82.0) | 73.0 (66.0–80.0) | 75.0 (67.0–89.0) | 0.700 | 0.146 |
| Hypertension | 54.5 | 56.9 | 77.8 | 0.009 | |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 88.2 (81.0–95.4) | 90.0 (82.8–97.2) | 91.8 (86.4–97.2) | 0.160 | 0.969 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.8 (172.6–227.8) | 201.8 (173.7–220.1) | 196.9 (181.5–223.9) | 0.933 | 0.168 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 46.3 (37.6–57.9) | 42.5 (38.6–54.1) | 46.4 (37.9–61.8) | 0.042 | 0.423 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 81.8 (65.6–96.5) | 81.0 (57.9–92.7) | 73.4 (65.6–93.6) | 0.384 | 0.008 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 88.5 (61.9–132.7) | 88.4 (62.0–141.6) | 88.3 (61.7–132.9) | 0.727 | 0.491 |
| Total cholesterol to HDL ratio | 4.10 (3.43–5.11) | 4.52 (3.50–5.56) | 4.53 (3.28–4.98) | 0.039 | 0.209 |
| Body fat percentage | 33.8 (29.1–39.4) | 32.4 (28.8–37.6) | 32.7 (28.0–39.3) | 0.214 | 0.009 |
| Body skeletal muscle percentage | 25.3 (22.9–28.9) | 27.1 (23.7–29.4) | 27.3 (23.0–30.0) | 0.026 | 0.026 |
| Visceral fat index | 12.0 (8.0–17.0) | 14.0 (8.0–19.0) | 14.0 (9.0–18.0) | 0.017 | 0.116 |
| Basal metabolic rate (Kcal) | 1481.0 (1315.0 –1663.0) | 1563.0 (1368.0 –1797.0) | 1556.0 (1321.0 –1651.0) | 0.001 | 0.151 |
Data are expressed by median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and percentages (%) for categorical variables.
*
P-value indicates one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables, and chi-square test for categorical variables, among the 3 groups;
**
P-value indicates after adjusted for age and sex by ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test, among the 3 groups;
a
participants who were not on antihypertensive drugs (n=559).
25 (OH)D concentration – Sufficiency (>30 ng/ml), insufficiency (20–30 ng/ml), Deficiency (<20 ng/ml). BMI – body mass index; BP – blood pressure; 25(OH)D – 25-hydroxyvitamin D; HDL – high-density lipoprotein; LDL – low-density lipoprotein.