Table 1.
Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of children and their parents by ASD case status
| Variables | Categories | Case (n=110) N (%) |
Control (n=110) N (%) |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex of child | Male | 93 (84.6) | 93 (84.6) | 1.00 |
|
| ||||
| Age of child (months) | Age < 48 | 21 (19.1) | 18 (16.4) | 0.29 |
| 48 ≤ Age < 72 | 49 (44.5) | 50 (45.5) | ||
| Age ≥ 72 | 40 (36.4) | 42 (38.2) | ||
|
| ||||
| Maternal education a (at child’s birth) | Up to high school* | 57 (51.8) | 82 (76.6) | <0.01 |
| Beyond high school** | 53 (48.2) | 25 (23.4) | ||
|
| ||||
| Paternal education b (at child’s birth) | Up to high school* | 59 (55.1) | 93 (87.7) | <0.01 |
| Beyond high school** | 48 (44.9) | 13 (12.3) | ||
|
| ||||
| Number of children in the household (Age ≤ 18 years) | 1 – 2 | 87 (79.1) | 58 (52.7) | <0.01 |
| ≥ 3 | 23 (20.9) | 52 (47.3) | ||
|
| ||||
| Number of adults in the household (Age > 18 years) c | 1 – 2 | 72 (65.5) | 66 (61.1) | 0.56 |
| ≥ 3 | 38 (34.5) | 42 (38.9) | ||
|
| ||||
| Assets owned | TV | 54 (49.1) | 83 (76.1) | 0.10 |
| Refrigerator | 108 (98.18) | 103 (93.6) | <0.01 | |
| Freezer | 107 (97.3) | 94 (85.5) | 0.20 | |
| Living room set | 14 (12.7) | 21 (19.1) | <0.01 | |
| Washing machine | 92 (83.6) | 51 (46.4) | <0.01 | |
| Cars or other vehicle | 80 (72.7) | 58 (52.7) | <0.01 | |
*
Up to high school education includes: attended primary, junior-secondary, and secondary/high/technical schools
**
Beyond high school education includes: attended vocational, tertiary college, or university
a
Maternal education was missing for 3 controls
b
Paternal education was missing for 3 cases and 4 controls
c
Number of adults was missing for 2 control families