Bivariate relationships between swelling width (closed circles, solid lines) or swelling length (open circles, dashed lines) and a female age, b female dominance rank, c cycles since resumption. Trend lines are least squares regressions and are not a substitute for the full multivariate analysis. Shaded portion in a represents data points for the oldest females in our data set, which were excluded during the calculation of linear regression. Each female is represented only once for a and b, but may appear multiple times in c