Table 6. Gender differences in TIE: subscales and total score (N = 4369).

	Males	Females	Difference	t (df = 4368)	p	d
Perception	7.40 (1.8)	8.03 (1.7)	.63	11.6	<.001	−.36
Understanding	6.78 (1.6)	7.43 (1.6)	.65	13.1	<.001	−.41
Facilitation	6.55 (1.6)	7.02 (1.5)	.47	9.8	<.001	−.30
Management	5.88 (1.4)	6.57 (1.4)	.69	15.8	<.001	−.49
TIE total	26.62 (5.2)	29.06 (5.0)	2.44	15.5	<.001	−.48

Note. Standard deviations are indicated in parentheses. d–Cohen’s effect size indicator.