Table 4.

Adjusted levels of work impairment and indirect cost of those with various insomnia symptoms and those without insomnia

	Absenteeism %*		Presenteeism %*		Overall work impairment %*		Activity impairment %		Indirect costs*
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
Difficulty falling asleep only (N=4,195) (A)	2.93	0.14	16.69CF	0.05	18.15CF	0.05	23.64F	0.03	$6,535CF	0.05
Waking several times only (N=2,586) (B)	3.41	0.16	14.59F	0.06	16.56F	0.06	21.80F	0.04	$5,960F	0.06
Waking up too early only (N=2,421) (C)	2.98	0.17	12.14AE	0.06	13.73AE	0.06	17.39	0.04	$4,944AEF	0.06
MOTN awakenings only (N=2,115) (D)	2.87	0.18	14.51F	0.07	15.88	0.07	21.73EF	0.04	$5,718	0.07
Poor quality of sleep only (N=1,512) (E)	2.87	0.19	17.29CF	0.08	18.57CF	0.07	25.60BCDF	0.05	$6,685CF	0.07
No insomnia (N=31,811) (F)	2.99	0.09	11.58ABDE	0.03	13.24ABE	0.03	17.45ABDE	0.02	$4,766ABE	0.03

Notes:

^*Calculated only for those who were currently employed (difficulty falling asleep only: N=2,374; waking several times only: N=1,450; waking up too early only: N=1,488; MOTN awakenings only: N=1,100; poor quality of sleep only: N=974; no insomnia: N=18,878). Superscript letters indicate which groups are significantly different from the reported adjusted mean (P<0.05). Indirect costs were on a per-employee annual basis. All reported means were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, household income, BMI, alcohol use, smoking behavior, exercise behavior, and the CCI.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; MOTN, middle-of-the-night; SE, standard error.