Table 2.

Cognitive Data

Measures	Obese (n = 30) Mean ± SD	Lean (n = 30) Mean ± SD	Effect Size	P
Intellectual functioning and academic achievement
Estimated full-scale IQ	102.56 ± 11.49	107.44 ± 13.18	−0.40	0.15
WRAT arithmetic standard score	96.04 ± 11.02	103.52 ± 13.82	−0.60	0.03
WRAT spelling standard scorea	101.71 ± 12.10	106.81 ± 11.46	−0.28	0.04
WRAT reading standard scorec	106.61 ± 12.13	107.85 ± 9.44	−0.11	0.68
Memory function
WRAML general index	103.30 ± 12.79	106.61 ± 12.52	−0.26	0.32
WRAML verbal index score	105.37 ± 12.14	104.29 ± 11.57	0.09	0.73
WRAML visual index scorec	102.52 ± 10.32	100.31 ± 12.98	0.19	0.48
WRAML working memory index	100.17 ± 15.57	107.69 ± 13.96	−0.51	0.06
Executive function
Trails B time (s)c	64.56 ± 21.17	55.31 ± 15.68	0.50	0.08
TOL excess movesa	16.77 ± 13.15	12.32 ± 7.01	−0.13	0.33
WCST perseverative errorsa	10.85 ± 8.39	9.96 ± 5.56	−0.01	0.92
Stroop interference score	0.07 ± 7.32	−2.00 ± 6.02	0.31	0.24
COWAT total scoreb	34.39 ± 8.27	38.97 ± 14.71	−0.38	0.15
Attention and psychomotor efficiency
WRAML attention-concentration index	101.40 ± 13.65	108.86 ± 15.94	−0.50	0.06
Trails A time (s)a	28.14 ± 8.91	24.04 ± 7.27	−0.23	0.08
DVT total timea,c	396.43 ± 128.12	358.58 ± 72.33	−0.17	0.22
DSST total score	60.19 ± 10.57	65.89 ± 12.20	−0.50	0.07

Normally distributed continuous variables were evaluated with the t-test (effect size Cohen’s d) unless indicated otherwise.

COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; DVT, Digit Vigilance Test; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; TOL, Tower of London Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WRAML, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test.

^aThe Mann-Whitney U test was used (effect size r: 0.1, small; 0.3, medium; 0.5, large).

^bAdjusted for unequal variances (t-test).

^cScores more than 3 SDs within the group mean were excluded.