Table 2.
Measures | Obese (n = 30) Mean ± SD |
Lean (n = 30) Mean ± SD |
Effect Size | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intellectual functioning and academic achievement | ||||
Estimated full-scale IQ | 102.56 ± 11.49 | 107.44 ± 13.18 | −0.40 | 0.15 |
WRAT arithmetic standard score | 96.04 ± 11.02 | 103.52 ± 13.82 | −0.60 | 0.03 |
WRAT spelling standard scorea | 101.71 ± 12.10 | 106.81 ± 11.46 | −0.28 | 0.04 |
WRAT reading standard scorec | 106.61 ± 12.13 | 107.85 ± 9.44 | −0.11 | 0.68 |
Memory function | ||||
WRAML general index | 103.30 ± 12.79 | 106.61 ± 12.52 | −0.26 | 0.32 |
WRAML verbal index score | 105.37 ± 12.14 | 104.29 ± 11.57 | 0.09 | 0.73 |
WRAML visual index scorec | 102.52 ± 10.32 | 100.31 ± 12.98 | 0.19 | 0.48 |
WRAML working memory index | 100.17 ± 15.57 | 107.69 ± 13.96 | −0.51 | 0.06 |
Executive function | ||||
Trails B time (s)c | 64.56 ± 21.17 | 55.31 ± 15.68 | 0.50 | 0.08 |
TOL excess movesa | 16.77 ± 13.15 | 12.32 ± 7.01 | −0.13 | 0.33 |
WCST perseverative errorsa | 10.85 ± 8.39 | 9.96 ± 5.56 | −0.01 | 0.92 |
Stroop interference score | 0.07 ± 7.32 | −2.00 ± 6.02 | 0.31 | 0.24 |
COWAT total scoreb | 34.39 ± 8.27 | 38.97 ± 14.71 | −0.38 | 0.15 |
Attention and psychomotor efficiency | ||||
WRAML attention-concentration index | 101.40 ± 13.65 | 108.86 ± 15.94 | −0.50 | 0.06 |
Trails A time (s)a | 28.14 ± 8.91 | 24.04 ± 7.27 | −0.23 | 0.08 |
DVT total timea,c | 396.43 ± 128.12 | 358.58 ± 72.33 | −0.17 | 0.22 |
DSST total score | 60.19 ± 10.57 | 65.89 ± 12.20 | −0.50 | 0.07 |
Normally distributed continuous variables were evaluated with the t-test (effect size Cohen’s d) unless indicated otherwise.
COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; DVT, Digit Vigilance Test; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test; TOL, Tower of London Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WRAML, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning; WRAT, Wide Range Achievement Test.
The Mann-Whitney U test was used (effect size r: 0.1, small; 0.3, medium; 0.5, large).
Adjusted for unequal variances (t-test).
Scores more than 3 SDs within the group mean were excluded.