Table 4.
Relationship of serum 25(OH)D (nmol/L) with circulating redox and inflammatory markers1
| Outcome variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β ± SE (R2) | β ± SE (R2) | β ± SE (R2) | β ± SE (R2) | |
| GSH (μM)2 | 0.002 ± 0.0004 (0.04) 3 | 0.002 ± 0.0005 (0.09) 3 | 0.002 ± 0.0005 (0.12) 3 | 0.001 ± 0.0005 (0.20)5,6 |
| GSSG (μM)2 | −0.0002 ± 0.0008 (0.0001) | 0.0001 ± 0.0009 (0.03) | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| Eh GSSG (mV) | − 0.06 ± 0.01 (0.04) 3 | − 0.06 ± 0.01 (0.05) 3 | − 0.05 ± 0.01 (0.07) 3 | −0.04 ± 0.02 (0.15)4,6 |
| Cys (μM) | − 0.01 ± 0.003 (0.02) 3 | − 0.01 ± 0.003 (0.04) 3 | − 0.008 ± 0.003 (0.04) 4 | −0.008 ± 0.004 (0.11)5,7 |
| CySS (μM) | − 0.09 ± 0.007 (0.03) 3 | − 0.11 ± 0.021 (0.19) 3 | − 0.06 ± 0.02 (0.27) 4 | −0.04 ± 0.03 (0.34)7 |
| Eh CySS (mV) | 0.01 ± 0.02 (0.004) | 0.009 ± 0.008 (0.04) | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| CySSG (μM)2 | 0.001 ± 0.0004 (0.02) 3 | 0.001 ± 0.0005 (0.02) 5 | 0.0009 ± 0.0005 (0.03) | ---------------- |
| CRP (mg/L)2 | − 0.005 ± 0.001 (0.04) 3 | − 0.003 ± 0.001 (0.13) 4 | 0.000008 ± 0.001 (0.30) | ---------------- |
| IL-6 (pg/mL)2 | − 0.004 ± 0.0007 (0.04) 3 | − 0.003 ± 0.0008 (0.09) 3 | − 0.002 ± 0.0008 (0.16) 5 | −0.001 ± 0.0009 (0.18)8 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL)2 | − 0.002 ± 0.0008 (0.006) 5 | − 0.002 ± 0.0008 (0.04) 4 | − 0.002 ± 0.0008 (0.04) 5 | −0.002 ± 0.0009 (0.10)8 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL)2 | −0.0009 ± 0.0006 (0.003) | − 0.002 ± 0.0007 (0.02) 5 | −0.001 ± 0.0007 (0.03) | ---------------- |
| IFNγ (pg/mL)2 | 0.0004± 0.0003 (0.003) | 0.0004 ± 0.0003 (0.006) | ---------------- | ---------------- |
| MMP-9/NGAL (ng/mL)2 |
0.001± 0.0009 (0.003) | −0.0001± 0.001 (0.06) | ---------------- | ---------------- |
Boldface indicates statistical significance. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. The model R2 is reported in parenthesis.
Model 1: Unadjusted. Model 2: Adjusted for age, race, gender. Model 3: Previous model + percent body fat. Model 4: Previous model + season; waist-to-hip ratio; use of blood pressure, glucose, or lipid-lowering medications; physical activity; tobacco use; systolic blood pressure; diastolic blood pressure; and fasting glucose, insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol.
Abbreviations: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; Eh, redox potential; Cys, cysteine; CySS, cystine; CySSG, cystine-glutathione mixed disulfide; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-8, interleukin-8; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor- α; IFNγ, interferon-gamma; MMP-9/NGAL, matrix metalloproteinase 9 /neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin.
Values are log-transformed.
P<0.001,
P<0.01,
P<0.05
Model also includes logIL-6 and CySS.
Model also includes logIL-6 and logGSH.
Model also includes logGSH and CySS