Recognition of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by toll-like receptors (TLR)s. DAMPs are endogenous TLR ligands that are released after injury. They can have extracellular, intracellular or nuclear origin. Once released, DAMPs can bind and activate their cognate TLR. Abbreviations: HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; HSPs, heat shock proteins; Prx, peroxiredoxin protein.