FIG. 4.

Redox-dependent PTMs. The redox-dependent PTMs are shown. These include cysteine and methionine oxidation (A, D), cysteine S-glutathionylation (A), cysteine disulfide bonds (B), cysteine surhydration (C), cysteine S-nitorosylation (C), tyrosine 3-nitration (E), and dityrosine formation (E). GSH, glutathione; GSSG, glutathione disulfide; GSNO, S-nitrosoglutathione; H₂S, hydrogen sulfide. To see this illustration in color, the reader is referred to the web version of this article at www.liebertpub.com/ars