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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Ther Deliv. 2014 Apr;5(4):467–486. doi: 10.4155/tde.14.10

Figure 4. Direct observation of pore formation after sonoporation.

Figure 4

Observations used (A) scanning electron microscopy, (B) atomic force microscopy, (C) transmission electron microscopy and (D) confocal fluorescence microscopy. (A) The magnification is 10,000 ×. (B) The white arrow passes through the pore; the cross-sectional plot over the line is given in [8]. (C & D) The scale bar is 1 μm, and the arrows point to the areas of cellular membrane disruption.

(A) Reproduced with permission from [56]; (B) Reproduced with permission from [8]; (C & D) Reproduced with permission from [9].