Table I.
Demographic characteristics of the study population.
| Factors | POCD (n = 56) | Non-POCD (n = 149) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 76 ± 6 | 74 ± 6 | 0.007 |
| Gender (male/ female) | 34/ 22 | 97/ 52 | 0.736 |
| Weight (kg) | 56 ± 9 | 63 ± 11 | 0.024 |
| Education (y) | 7.1 ± 2.8 | 8.6 ± 2.8 | 0.001 |
| ASA classification (I/ II/ III) | 3/ 48/ 5 | 7/ 130/ 12 | 0.958 |
| Fracture characteristics (n) | 0.9 | ||
| Femoral neck | 17 | 43 | |
| Intertrochanteric | 30 | 78 | |
| Other | 9 | 28 | |
| History of hypertension (n) | 29 | 71 | 0.640 |
| Intraoperative hypotension (n) | 28 | 65 | 0.435 |
| Ringer’s lactate infusion (mL) | 968 ± 145 | 959 ± 144 | 0.698 |
| HES infusion (mL) | 654 ± 265 | 569 ± 170 | 0.008 |
| Length of surgery (min) | 80 ± 12 | 79 ± 10 | 0.635 |
| Estimated blood loss (mL) | 772 ± 126 | 618 ± 127 | 0.001 |
| Postoperative drainage (mL) | 130 ± 68 | 120 ± 50 | 0.283 |
| Hemoglobin concentration (g/L) | |||
| Preoperative level | 116 ± 13 | 122 ± 12 | 0.006 |
| 7 d after surgery | 101 ± 12 | 99 ± 11 | 0.654 |
| Perioperative RBCs transfusion | 0.012 | ||
| 0 unit (n) | 27 | 102 | |
| 1 unit (n) | 5 | 15 | |
| 2 units (n) | 7 | 14 | |
| 3 units (n) | 9 | 13 | |
| ≥4 units (n) | 8 | 5 | |
| Perioperative FFP transfusion (n) | 9 | 17 | 0.371 |
| MMSE scores | |||
| Before surgery | 28.0 ± 1.2 | 28.1 ± 1.6 | 0.661 |
| 7 d after surgery | 25.7 ± 1.2 | 27.7 ± 1.5 | 0.001 |
| VAS scores | |||
| 1 d after surgery | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 3.8 ± 1.0 | 0.462 |
| 2 d after surgery | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.149 |
| 7 d after surgery | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 0.765 |
| Tramadol consumption (mg) | 896 ± 129 | 932 ± 143 | 0.109 |
| Pethidine administration (n) | 14 | 56 | 0.09 |
Values are means ± standard deviations, or number as appropriate.
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; FFP = fresh frozen plasma; HES = hydroxyethyl starch; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; POCD = postoperative cognitive dysfunction; RBCs = red blood cells; VAS = visual analog scale.